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DBMS > Cassandra vs. H2 vs. Neo4j vs. OceanBase vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Cassandra vs. H2 vs. Neo4j vs. OceanBase vs. XTDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonNeo4j  Xexclude from comparisonOceanBase  Xexclude from comparisonXTDB infoformerly named Crux  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessFull-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Scalable, ACID-compliant graph database designed with a high-performance distributed cluster architecture, available in self-hosted and cloud offeringsA distributed, high available RDBMS compatible with Oracle and MySQLA general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries
Primary database modelWide column storeRelational DBMSGraph DBMSRelational DBMSDocument store
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Spatial DBMSDocument store
Wide column store
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score101.89
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score8.13
Rank#49  Overall
#31  Relational DBMS
Score44.46
Rank#23  Overall
#1  Graph DBMS
Score1.66
Rank#147  Overall
#68  Relational DBMS
Score0.11
Rank#343  Overall
#46  Document stores
Websitecassandra.apache.orgwww.h2database.comneo4j.comen.oceanbase.comgithub.com/­xtdb/­xtdb
www.xtdb.com
Technical documentationcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestwww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlneo4j.com/­docsen.oceanbase.com/­docs/­oceanbase-databasewww.xtdb.com/­docs
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookThomas MuellerNeo4j, Inc.OceanBase infopreviously Alibaba and Ant GroupJuxt Ltd.
Initial release20082005200720102019
Current release4.1.3, July 20232.2.220, July 20235.19, April 20244.3.0, April 20241.19, September 2021
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache version 2Open Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoGPL version3, commercial licenses availableOpen Source infoCommercial license availableOpen Source infoMIT License
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.Neo4j Aura: Neo4j’s fully managed cloud service: The zero-admin, always-on graph database for cloud developers.
Implementation languageJavaJavaJava, ScalaC++Clojure
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VMLinux infoCan also be used server-less as embedded Java database.
OS X
Solaris
Windows
LinuxAll OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux
Data schemeschema-freeyesschema-free and schema-optionalyesschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes, extensible-data-notation format
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesno
Secondary indexesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyes infopluggable indexing subsystem, by default Apache Luceneyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yesnoyeslimited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite
APIs and other access methodsProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
JDBC
ODBC
Bolt protocol
Cypher query language
Java API
Neo4j-OGM infoObject Graph Mapper
RESTful HTTP API
Spring Data Neo4j
TinkerPop 3
JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Proprietary native API
Table API
HTTP REST
JDBC
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
Java.Net
Clojure
Elixir
Go
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
Ada infoin MySQL-compatible model
C infoin Oracle- and MySQL- compatible models
C++ infoin Oracle- and MySQL- compatible models
D infoin MySQL-compatible model
Delphi infoin MySQL-compatible model
Eiffel infoin MySQL-compatible model
Erlang infoin MySQL-compatible model
Haskell infoin MySQL-compatible model
Java infoin Oracle- and MySQL- compatible models
JavaScript (Node.js) infoin MySQL-compatible model
Objective-C infoin MySQL-compatible model
OCaml infoin MySQL-compatible model
Perl infoin MySQL-compatible model
PHP infoin MySQL-compatible model
Python infoin MySQL-compatible model
Ruby infoin MySQL-compatible model
Scheme infoin MySQL-compatible model
Tcl infoin MySQL-compatible model
Clojure
Java
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsyes infoUser defined Procedures and FunctionsPL/SQL in oracle-compatible mode, MySQL Stored Procedure in mysql-compatible modeno
Triggersyesyesyes infovia event handleryesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infono "single point of failure"noneyes using Neo4j Fabrichorizontal partitioning (by hash, key, range, range columns, list, and list columns)none
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleWith clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseCausal Clustering using Raft protocol infoavailable in in Enterprise Version onlyMulti-source replication using Paxosyes, each node contains all data
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesnononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Immediate ConsistencyCausal and Eventual Consistency configurable in Causal Cluster setup
Immediate Consistency in stand-alone mode
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesyes infoRelationships in graphsyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datano infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users can be defined per objectfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardUsers, roles and permissions. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)Access rights for users, groups and roles according to SQL-standard
More information provided by the system vendor
CassandraH2Neo4jOceanBaseXTDB infoformerly named Crux
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
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Neo4j delivers graph technology that has been battle tested for performance and scale...
» more
OceanBase Database is the world’s only native distributed database that has set new...
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Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
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Neo4j is the market leader, graph database category creator, and the most widely...
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High Availability : The five IDCs across three sites disaster recovery solution sets...
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Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
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Real-Time Recommendations Master Data Management Identity and Access Management Network...
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Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
Over 800 commercial customers and over 4300 startups use Neo4j. Flagship customers...
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OceanBase Database has helped over 400 customers across industries upgrade their...
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Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
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Neo4j boasts the world's largest graph database ecosystem with more than 140 million...
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TPC-C No.1 Performance , achieved a result of 707.35 million tpmC in the TPC-C benchmark...
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Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
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GPL v3 license that can be used all the places where you might use MySQL. Neo4j Commercial...
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Mulan PubL v2 license for open source community edition. Commercial license for enterprise...
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