DBMS > FoundationDB vs. Google Cloud Bigtable vs. OpenQM vs. PostgreSQL vs. Titan
System Properties Comparison FoundationDB vs. Google Cloud Bigtable vs. OpenQM vs. PostgreSQL vs. Titan
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| Name | FoundationDB Xexclude from comparison | Google Cloud Bigtable Xexclude from comparison | OpenQM  also called QM Xexclude from comparison | PostgreSQL Xexclude from comparison | Titan Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking. | Titan has been decommisioned after the takeover by Datastax. It will be removed from the DB-Engines ranking. A fork has been open-sourced as JanusGraph. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Ordered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers. | Google's NoSQL Big Data database service. It's the same database that powers many core Google services, including Search, Analytics, Maps, and Gmail. | QpenQM is a high-performance, self-tuning, multi-value DBMS | Widely used open source RDBMS Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL | Titan is a Graph DBMS optimized for distributed clusters. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Document store supported via specific layer Key-value store Relational DBMS supported via specific SQL-layer | Key-value store Wide column store | Multivalue DBMS | Relational DBMS with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module. | Graph DBMS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Document store Graph DBMS with Apache AgeSpatial DBMS Vector DBMS with pgvector extension | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | github.com/apple/foundationdb | cloud.google.com/bigtable | www.rocketsoftware.com/products/rocket-multivalue-application-development-platform/rocket-open-qm | www.postgresql.org | github.com/thinkaurelius/titan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | apple.github.io/foundationdb | cloud.google.com/bigtable/docs | www.postgresql.org/docs | github.com/thinkaurelius/titan/wiki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developer | FoundationDB | Rocket Software, originally Martin Phillips | PostgreSQL Global Development Group www.postgresql.org/developer | Aurelius, owned by DataStax | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 2013 | 2015 | 1993 | 1989 1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | 6.2.28, November 2020 | 3.4-12 | 16.2, February 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | Open Source Apache 2.0 | commercial | Open Source GPLv2, extended commercial license available | Open Source BSD | Open Source Apache license, version 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | no | yes | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) Database as a Service Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed. | Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Implementation language | C++ | C | Java | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | Linux OS X Windows | hosted | AIX FreeBSD Linux macOS Raspberry Pi Solaris Windows | FreeBSD HP-UX Linux NetBSD OpenBSD OS X Solaris Unix Windows | Linux OS X Unix Windows | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | schema-free some layers support schemas | schema-free | yes with some exceptions | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | no some layers support typing | no | yes | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no | yes | yes specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | no | no | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | supported in specific SQL layer only | no | no | yes standard with numerous extensions | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | gRPC (using protocol buffers) API HappyBase (Python library) HBase compatible API (Java) | ADO.NET JDBC native C library ODBC streaming API for large objects | Java API TinkerPop Blueprints TinkerPop Frames TinkerPop Gremlin TinkerPop Rexster | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | .Net C C++ Go Java JavaScript Node.jsPHP Python Ruby Swift | C# C++ Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) Python | .Net Basic C Java Objective C PHP Python | .Net C C++ Delphi Java JDBCJavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python Tcl | Clojure Java Python | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | in SQL-layer only | no | yes | user defined functions realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc. | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | no | no | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | Sharding | Sharding | yes | partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash | yes via pluggable storage backends | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | yes | Internal replication in Colossus, and regional replication between two clusters in different zones | yes | Source-replica replication other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | no | yes | no | no | yes via Faunus, a graph analytics engine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Linearizable consistency | Immediate consistency (for a single cluster), Eventual consistency (for two or more replicated clusters) | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | in SQL-layer only | no | no | yes | yes Relationships in graph | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | ACID | Atomic single-row operations | ACID | ACID | ACID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes Supports various storage backends: Cassandra, HBase, Berkeley DB, Akiban, Hazelcast | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | no | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | no | Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM) | Access rights can be defined down to the item level | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | User authentification and security via Rexster Graph Server | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| More resources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FoundationDB | Google Cloud Bigtable | OpenQM also called QM | PostgreSQL | Titan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DB-Engines blog posts | PostgreSQL is the DBMS of the Year 2023 Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2022, defending the title from last year Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2021 | Graph DBMS increased their popularity by 500% within the last 2 years Graph DBMSs are gaining in popularity faster than any other database category Monitoring PostgreSQL with Redgate Monitor FoundationDB team's new venture, Antithesis, raises $47M to enhance software testing Antithesis raises $47M to launch an automated testing platform for software Deno adds scaleable messaging with new Queues feature, sparks debate about proprietary services • DEVCLASS IBM Cloudant pulls plan to fund new foundational layer for CouchDB FoundationDB, a very interesting NoSQL database owned by Apple, is now an open-source project provided by Google News Google's AI-First Strategy Brings Vector Support To Cloud Databases What is Google Bigtable? | Definition from TechTarget Google announces Axion, its first Arm-based CPU for data centers Google Introduces Autoscaling for Cloud Bigtable for Optimizing Costs Review: Google Bigtable scales with ease provided by Google News Automatically Generate Types for Your PostgreSQL Database Baffle Delivers Enterprise-Grade Data Security for PostgreSQL on Amazon RDS and Amazon Aurora Why PostgreSQL Is the Bedrock for the Future of Data Introducing OCI Database with PostgreSQL: Completing Our Cloud Database Suite for Every Need Your MySQL 5.7 and PostgreSQL 11 databases will be automatically enrolled into Amazon RDS Extended Support ... provided by Google News Amazon DynamoDB Storage Backend for Titan: Distributed Graph Database | Amazon Web Services Beyond Titan: The Evolution of DataStax's New Graph Database Titan Graph Database Integration with DynamoDB: World-class Performance, Availability, and Scale for New Workloads DataStax acquires Aurelius, the startup behind the Titan graph database DSE Graph review: Graph database does double duty provided by Google News | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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