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DBMS > Cassandra vs. Dgraph vs. FoundationDB vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. NuoDB

System Properties Comparison Cassandra vs. Dgraph vs. FoundationDB vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. NuoDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonDgraph  Xexclude from comparisonFoundationDB  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft SQL Server  Xexclude from comparisonNuoDB  Xexclude from comparison
Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.
DescriptionWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessDistributed and scalable native Graph DBMSOrdered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.Microsofts flagship relational DBMSNuoDB is a webscale distributed database that supports SQL and ACID transactions
Primary database modelWide column storeGraph DBMSDocument store infosupported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS infosupported via specific SQL-layer
Relational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score101.89
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score1.45
Rank#156  Overall
#15  Graph DBMS
Score1.03
Rank#190  Overall
#31  Document stores
#28  Key-value stores
#89  Relational DBMS
Score824.29
Rank#3  Overall
#3  Relational DBMS
Score0.89
Rank#198  Overall
#92  Relational DBMS
Websitecassandra.apache.orgdgraph.iogithub.com/­apple/­foundationdbwww.microsoft.com/­en-us/­sql-serverwww.3ds.com/­nuodb-distributed-sql-database
Technical documentationcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestdgraph.io/­docsapple.github.io/­foundationdblearn.microsoft.com/­en-US/­sql/­sql-serverdoc.nuodb.com
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookDgraph Labs, Inc.FoundationDBMicrosoftDassault Systèmes infooriginally NuoDB, Inc.
Initial release20082016201319892013
Current release4.1.3, July 20236.2.28, November 2020SQL Server 2022, November 2022
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache version 2Open Source infoApache 2.0Open Source infoApache 2.0commercial inforestricted free version is availablecommercial infolimited edition free
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.
Implementation languageJavaGoC++C++C++
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
Windows
hosted infoAmazon EC2, Windows Azure, SoftLayer
Linux
OS X
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeschema-freeschema-free infosome layers support schemasyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesno infosome layers support typingyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesno
Secondary indexesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesnoyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)nosupported in specific SQL layer onlyyesyes
APIs and other access methodsProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
GraphQL query language
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift
C#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic
.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoin SQL-layer onlyTransact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) JavaJava, SQL
Triggersyesnonoyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infono "single point of failure"yesShardingtables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federationdata is dynamically stored/cached on the nodes where it is read/written
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleSynchronous replication via Raftyesyes, but depending on the SQL-Server Editionyes infoManaged transparently by NuoDB
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesnononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Immediate ConsistencyLinearizable consistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoin SQL-layer onlyyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datano infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDACIDACIDACID infotunable commit protocol
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes infoMVCC
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyes infoTemporary table
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users can be defined per objectno infoPlanned for future releasesnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardStandard SQL roles/ privileges, Administrative Users
More information provided by the system vendor
CassandraDgraphFoundationDBMicrosoft SQL ServerNuoDB
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
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Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
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Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
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Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
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Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
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