DBMS > Ingres vs. Oracle vs. Oracle Coherence vs. PostgreSQL vs. Vertica
System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. Oracle vs. Oracle Coherence vs. PostgreSQL vs. Vertica
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| Name | Ingres Xexclude from comparison | Oracle Xexclude from comparison | Oracle Coherence Xexclude from comparison | PostgreSQL Xexclude from comparison | Vertica  OpenText™ Vertica™ Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Well established RDBMS | Widely used RDBMS | Oracles in-memory data grid solution | Widely used open source RDBMS Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL | Cloud or off-cloud analytical database and query engine for structured and semi-structured streaming and batch data. Machine learning platform with built-in algorithms, data preparation capabilities, and model evaluation and management via SQL or Python. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Relational DBMS | Relational DBMS | Key-value store | Relational DBMS with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module. | Relational DBMS Column oriented | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Document store Graph DBMS with Oracle Spatial and GraphRDF store with Oracle Spatial and GraphSpatial DBMS with Oracle Spatial and GraphVector DBMS since Oracle 23 | Document store Graph DBMS with Apache AgeSpatial DBMS Vector DBMS with pgvector extension | Spatial DBMS Time Series DBMS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | www.actian.com/databases/ingres | www.oracle.com/database | www.oracle.com/java/coherence | www.postgresql.org | www.vertica.com | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | docs.actian.com/ingres | docs.oracle.com/en/database | docs.oracle.com/en/middleware/standalone/coherence | www.postgresql.org/docs | vertica.com/documentation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developer | Actian Corporation | Oracle | Oracle | PostgreSQL Global Development Group www.postgresql.org/developer | OpenText previously Micro Focus and Hewlett Packard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 1974 originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s | 1980 | 2007 | 1989 1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL | 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | 11.2, May 2022 | 23c, September 2023 | 14.1, August 2023 | 16.3, May 2024 | 12.0.3, January 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | commercial | commercial restricted free version is available | commercial | Open Source BSD | commercial Limited community edition free | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | no | no | no | no | no on-premises, all major clouds - Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform and containers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Implementation language | C | C and C++ | Java | C | C++ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | AIX HP Open VMS HP-UX Linux Solaris Windows | AIX HP-UX Linux OS X Solaris Windows z/OS | All OS with a Java VM | FreeBSD HP-UX Linux NetBSD OpenBSD OS X Solaris Unix Windows | Linux | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | yes | yes Schemaless in JSON and XML columns | schema-free | yes | Yes, but also semi-structure/unstructured data storage, and complex hierarchical data (like Parquet) stored and/or queried. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available | yes | no | yes specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality. | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | yes | yes | no | yes | No Indexes Required. Different internal optimization strategy, but same functionality included. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | yes | yes with proprietary extensions | no | yes standard with numerous extensions | Full 1999 standard plus machine learning, time series and geospatial. Over 650 functions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | .NET Client API JDBC ODBC proprietary protocol (OpenAPI) | JDBC ODBC ODP.NET Oracle Call Interface (OCI) | JCache JPA RESTful HTTP API | ADO.NET JDBC native C library ODBC streaming API for large objects | ADO.NET JDBC Kafka Connector ODBC RESTful HTTP API Spark Connector vSQL character-based, interactive, front-end utility | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | C C# C++ Clojure Cobol Delphi Eiffel Erlang Fortran Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript Lisp Objective C OCaml Perl PHP Python R Ruby Scala Tcl Visual Basic | .Net C++ Java | .Net C C++ Delphi Java JDBCJavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python Tcl | C# C++ Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | yes | PL/SQL also stored procedures in Java possible | no | user defined functions realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc. | yes, PostgreSQL PL/pgSQL, with minor differences | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | yes | yes | yes Live Events | yes | yes, called Custom Alerts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | horizontal partitioning Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously | Sharding, horizontal partitioning | Sharding | partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash | horizontal partitioning, hierarchical partitioning | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | Ingres Replicator | Multi-source replication Source-replica replication | yes, with selectable consistency level | Source-replica replication other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions | Multi-source replication One, or more copies of data replicated across nodes, or object-store used for repository. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | no | no can be realized in PL/SQL | no | no | no Bi-directional Spark integration | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | ACID | ACID isolation level can be parameterized | configurable | ACID | ACID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes MVCC | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes | yes optionally | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | no | yes Version 12c introduced the new option 'Oracle Database In-Memory' | yes | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | authentification to access the cache via certificates or http basic authentication | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard; supports Kerberos, LDAP, Ident and hash | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| More information provided by the system vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ingres | Oracle | Oracle Coherence | PostgreSQL | Vertica OpenText™ Vertica™ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific characteristics | Deploy-anywhere database for large-scale analytical deployments. Deploy off-cloud,... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Competitive advantages | Fast, scalable, and capable of high concurrency. Separation of compute/storage leverages... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typical application scenarios | Communication and network analytics, Embedded analytics, Fraud monitoring and Risk... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key customers | Abiba Systems, Adform, adMarketplace, AmeriPride, Anritsu, AOL, Avito, Auckland Transport,... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Licensing and pricing models | Cost-based models and subscription-based models are both available. One license is... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| More resources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ingres | Oracle | Oracle Coherence | PostgreSQL | Vertica OpenText™ Vertica™ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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