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DBMS > Immudb vs. Kingbase vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. RDF4J vs. ReductStore

System Properties Comparison Immudb vs. Kingbase vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. RDF4J vs. ReductStore

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameImmudb  Xexclude from comparisonKingbase  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame  Xexclude from comparisonReductStore  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.An enterprise-class RDBMS compatible with PostgreSQL and Oracle and widely used in China.Database as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerRDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.Designed to manage unstructured time-series data efficiently, providing unique features such as storing time-stamped blobs with labels, customizable data retention policies, and a straightforward FIFO quota system.
Primary database modelKey-value storeRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRDF storeTime Series DBMS
Secondary database modelsRelational DBMSDocument store
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score0.24
Rank#305  Overall
#43  Key-value stores
Score0.45
Rank#262  Overall
#123  Relational DBMS
Score77.99
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score0.69
Rank#230  Overall
#9  RDF stores
Score0.00
Rank#383  Overall
#41  Time Series DBMS
Websitegithub.com/­codenotary/­immudb
immudb.io
www.kingbase.com.cnazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databaserdf4j.orggithub.com/­reductstore
www.reduct.store
Technical documentationdocs.immudb.iodocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqlrdf4j.org/­documentationwww.reduct.store/­docs
DeveloperCodenotaryBeiJing KINGBASE Information technologies inc.MicrosoftSince 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.ReductStore LLC
Initial release20201999201020042023
Current release1.2.3, April 2022V8.0, August 2021V121.9, March 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0commercialcommercialOpen Source infoEclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.Open Source infoBusiness Source License 1.1
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageGoC and JavaC++JavaC++, Rust
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS
Linux
Windows
hostedLinux
OS X
Unix
Windows
Docker
Linux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeyesyesyes infoRDF Schemas
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.noyesyes
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like syntaxStandard with numerous extensionsyesno
APIs and other access methodsgRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol
ADO.NET
gokb
JDBC
kdbndp
ODBC
PDI
PDO
Pro*C
psycopg2
QT
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
Java API
RIO infoRDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL infoSesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL
HTTP API
Supported programming languages.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Java
PHP
Python
C++
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Rust
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnouser defined functionsTransact SQLyes
Triggersnoyesyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardinghorizontal partitioning (by range, list and hash) and vertical partitioningnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesyes, with always 3 replicas availablenone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACID infoIsolation support depends on the API used
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes infoin-memory storage is supported as well
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.no
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardno

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More resources
ImmudbKingbaseMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureRDF4J infoformerly known as SesameReductStore
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