DBMS > Google BigQuery vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics vs. PostgreSQL
System Properties Comparison Google BigQuery vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics vs. PostgreSQL
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| Name | Google BigQuery Xexclude from comparison | Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB  former name was Azure DocumentDB Xexclude from comparison | Microsoft Azure Data Explorer Xexclude from comparison | Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics previously named Azure SQL Data Warehouse Xexclude from comparison | PostgreSQL Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Large scale data warehouse service with append-only tables | Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database service | Fully managed big data interactive analytics platform | Elastic, large scale data warehouse service leveraging the broad eco-system of SQL Server | Widely used open source RDBMS Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Relational DBMS | Document store Graph DBMS Key-value store Wide column store | Relational DBMS column oriented | Relational DBMS | Relational DBMS with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Spatial DBMS | Document store If a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types/dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell Event Store this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)Spatial DBMS Search engine support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engineTime Series DBMS see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis | Document store Graph DBMS with Apache AgeSpatial DBMS Vector DBMS with pgvector extension | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | cloud.google.com/bigquery | azure.microsoft.com/services/cosmos-db | azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer | azure.microsoft.com/services/synapse-analytics | www.postgresql.org | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs | learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db | docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer | docs.microsoft.com/azure/synapse-analytics | www.postgresql.org/docs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developer | Microsoft | Microsoft | Microsoft | PostgreSQL Global Development Group www.postgresql.org/developer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 2010 | 2014 | 2019 | 2016 | 1989 1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | cloud service with continuous releases | 16.2, February 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | commercial | commercial | commercial | commercial | Open Source BSD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) Database as a Service Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed. | Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Implementation language | C++ | C | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | hosted | hosted | hosted | hosted | FreeBSD HP-UX Linux NetBSD OpenBSD OS X Solaris Unix Windows | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | yes | schema-free | Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic) | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | yes | yes JSON types | yes bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no | yes | no | yes specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | no | yes All properties auto-indexed by default | all fields are automatically indexed | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | yes | SQL-like query language | Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset | yes | yes standard with numerous extensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | RESTful HTTP/JSON API | DocumentDB API Graph API (Gremlin) MongoDB API RESTful HTTP API Table API | Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS) RESTful HTTP API | ADO.NET JDBC ODBC | ADO.NET JDBC native C library ODBC streaming API for large objects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | .Net Java JavaScript Objective-C PHP Python Ruby | .Net C# Java JavaScript JavaScript (Node.js) MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages Python | .Net Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) PowerShell Python R | C# Java PHP | .Net C C++ Delphi Java JDBCJavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python Tcl | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | user defined functions in JavaScript | JavaScript | Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R | Transact SQL | user defined functions realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | no | JavaScript | yes see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy | no | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | none | Sharding Implicit feature of the cloud service | Sharding Implicit feature of the cloud service | Sharding, horizontal partitioning | partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | yes Implicit feature of the cloud service | yes Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant. | yes | Source-replica replication other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | no | with Hadoop integration Integration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure* | Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Immediate Consistency | Bounded Staleness Consistent Prefix Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency Consistency level configurable on request levelSession Consistency | Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | no | no | no | no docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/synapse-analytics/sql-data-warehouse/sql-data-warehouse-table-constraints | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | no Since BigQuery is designed for querying data | Multi-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partition | no | ACID | ACID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | Access privileges (owner, writer, reader) on dataset, table or view level Google Cloud Identity & Access Management (IAM) | Access rights can be defined down to the item level | Azure Active Directory Authentication | yes | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Google BigQuery | Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB former name was Azure DocumentDB | Microsoft Azure Data Explorer | Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics previously named Azure SQL Data Warehouse | PostgreSQL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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