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DBMS > Firebird vs. Ingres vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Oracle

System Properties Comparison Firebird vs. Ingres vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Oracle

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameFirebird  Xexclude from comparisonIngres  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft SQL Server  Xexclude from comparisonOracle  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionFirebird is an open source RDBMS forked from Borland's InterBaseWell established RDBMSMicrosofts flagship relational DBMSWidely used RDBMS
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith Oracle Spatial and Graph
RDF store infowith Oracle Spatial and Graph
Spatial DBMS infowith Oracle Spatial and Graph
Vector DBMS infosince Oracle 23
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score20.82
Rank#30  Overall
#18  Relational DBMS
Score4.11
Rank#81  Overall
#44  Relational DBMS
Score824.29
Rank#3  Overall
#3  Relational DBMS
Score1236.29
Rank#1  Overall
#1  Relational DBMS
Websitewww.firebirdsql.orgwww.actian.com/­databases/­ingreswww.microsoft.com/­en-us/­sql-serverwww.oracle.com/­database
Technical documentationwww.firebirdsql.org/­en/­reference-manualsdocs.actian.com/­ingreslearn.microsoft.com/­en-US/­sql/­sql-serverdocs.oracle.com/­en/­database
DeveloperFirebird FoundationActian CorporationMicrosoftOracle
Initial release2000 infoAs fork of Borland's InterBase1974 infooriginally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s19891980
Current release5.0.0, January 202411.2, May 2022SQL Server 2022, November 202223c, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoInitial Developer's Public Licensecommercialcommercial inforestricted free version is availablecommercial inforestricted free version is available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC and C++CC++C and C++
Server operating systemsAIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
server-less infoFirebird Embedded Server
Solaris
Unix
Windows
AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows
Linux
Windows
AIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
z/OS
Data schemeyesyesyesyes infoSchemaless in JSON and XML columns
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.no infobut tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files availableyesyes
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesyesyesyes infowith proprietary extensions
APIs and other access methodsADO.NET
C/C++ API
JDBC infoJaybird
ODBC
OLE DB
.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Supported programming languagesC
C#
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Lua
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
C#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic
C
C#
C++
Clojure
Cobol
Delphi
Eiffel
Erlang
Fortran
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Tcl
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresPSQLyesTransact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) JavaPL/SQL infoalso stored procedures in Java possible
Triggersyesyesyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonehorizontal partitioning infoIngres Star to access multiple databases simultaneouslytables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federationSharding, horizontal partitioning
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesSource-replica replicationIngres Replicatoryes, but depending on the SQL-Server EditionMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononono infocan be realized in PL/SQL
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesyesyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACID infoisolation level can be parameterized
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes infoFeatures a multi-generational MVCC architecture, readers do not block writersyes infoMVCCyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyes infoVersion 12c introduced the new option 'Oracle Database In-Memory'
User concepts infoAccess controlUsers with fine-grained authorization conceptfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
FirebirdIngresMicrosoft SQL ServerOracle
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