DBMS > Cassandra vs. Milvus vs. PostgreSQL vs. Transbase vs. Weaviate
System Properties Comparison Cassandra vs. Milvus vs. PostgreSQL vs. Transbase vs. Weaviate
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| Name | Cassandra Xexclude from comparison | Milvus Xexclude from comparison | PostgreSQL Xexclude from comparison | Transbase Xexclude from comparison | Weaviate Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Wide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB  Optimized for write access | A DBMS designed for efficient storage of vector data and vector similarity searches | Widely used open source RDBMS Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL | A resource-optimized, high-performance, universally applicable RDBMS | An AI-native realtime vector database engine that integrates scalable machine learning models. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Wide column store | Vector DBMS | Relational DBMS with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module. | Relational DBMS | Vector DBMS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Vector DBMS starting with release V5 | Document store Graph DBMS with Apache AgeSpatial DBMS Vector DBMS with pgvector extension | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | cassandra.apache.org | milvus.io | www.postgresql.org | www.transaction.de/en/products/transbase.html | github.com/weaviate/weaviate weaviate.io | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest | milvus.io/docs/overview.md | www.postgresql.org/docs | www.transaction.de/en/products/transbase/features.html | weaviate.io/developers/weaviate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developer | Apache Software Foundation Apache top level project, originally developped by Facebook | PostgreSQL Global Development Group www.postgresql.org/developer | Transaction Software GmbH | Weaviate B.V. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 2008 | 2019 | 1989 1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL | 1987 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | 4.1.3, July 2023 | 2.3.4, January 2024 | 16.2, February 2024 | Transbase 8.3, 2022 | 1.19, May 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | Open Source Apache version 2 | Open Source Apache Version 2.0 | Open Source BSD | commercial free development license | Open Source commercial license available with Weaviate Enterprise | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | no | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) Database as a Service Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed. | Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra. | Zilliz Cloud – Cloud-native service for Milvus | Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Implementation language | Java | C++, Go | C | C and C++ | Go | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | BSD Linux OS X Windows | Linux macOS 10.14 or laterWindows with WSL 2 enabled | FreeBSD HP-UX Linux NetBSD OpenBSD OS X Solaris Unix Windows | FreeBSD Linux macOS Solaris Windows | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | schema-free | yes | yes | yes, maps to GraphQL interface | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | yes | Vector, Numeric and String | yes | yes | yes string, int, float, geo point, date, cross reference, fuzzy references | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no | no | yes specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality. | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | restricted only equality queries, not always the best performing solution | no | yes | yes | yes all data objects are indexed in a semantic vector space (the Contextionary), all primitive fields are indexed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | SQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL) | no | yes standard with numerous extensions | yes | GraphQL is used as query language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | Proprietary protocol CQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language) Thrift | RESTful HTTP API | ADO.NET JDBC native C library ODBC streaming API for large objects | ADO.NET JDBC ODBC Proprietary native API | GraphQL query language RESTful HTTP/JSON API | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | C# C++ Clojure Erlang Go Haskell Java JavaScript Node.jsPerl PHP Python Ruby Scala | C++ Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) Python | .Net C C++ Delphi Java JDBCJavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python Tcl | C C# C++ Java JavaScript Kotlin Objective-C PHP Python | JavaScript / TypeScript Python | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | no | no | user defined functions realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc. | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | yes | no | yes | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | Sharding no "single point of failure" | Sharding | partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash | Sharding | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | selectable replication factor Representation of geographical distribution of servers is possible | Source-replica replication other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions | Source-replica replication | yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | yes | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency can be individually decided for each write operation | Bounded Staleness Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency Session Consistency Tunable Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Eventual Consistency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | no | no | yes | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | no Atomicity and isolation are supported for single operations | no | ACID | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | no | yes | no | no | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | Access rights for users can be defined per object | Role based access control and fine grained access rights | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | API Keys OpenID Connect Discovery | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| More information provided by the system vendor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cassandra | Milvus | PostgreSQL | Transbase | Weaviate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific characteristics | Apache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well... » more | Milvus is an open-source and cloud-native vector database built for production-ready... » more | Weaviate is an open source vector database that is robust, scalable, cloud-native,... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Competitive advantages | No single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for... » more | Highly available, versatile, and robust with millisecond latency. Supports batch... » more | Flexible deployment - Free, open source or fully-managed cloud vector database service... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typical application scenarios | Internet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product... » more | RAG: retrieval augmented generation Video media : video understanding, video deduplication.... » more | As a database supporting the development of generative AI and semantic search applications... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key customers | Apple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best... » more | Milvus is trusted by thousands of enterprises, including PayPal, eBay, IKEA, LINE,... » more | All companies that have data. » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Market metrics | Cassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100. » more | As of January 2024, 25k+ GitHub stars 10M+ downloads and installations 3k+ enterprise... » more | As of mid 2023: Over 2 million open source downloads 3500+ Weaviate Slack community... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Licensing and pricing models | Apache license Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available... » more | Milvus was released under the open-source Apache License 2.0 in October 2019. Fully-managed... » more | Weaviate is open-source, and free to use. Weaviate is also available as a fully managed... » more | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 3rd parties | Cassandra Forward event: Want to level up your Cassandra game? Watch now replays of the March 2023 sessions. » more CData: Connect to Big Data & NoSQL through standard Drivers. » more | Navicat Monitor is a safe, simple and agentless remote server monitoring tool for PostgreSQL and many other database management systems. » more Instaclustr: Fully Hosted & Managed PostgreSQL » more Redgate webinars: A series of key topics for new PostgreSQL users. » more CYBERTEC is your professional partner in PostgreSQL topics for over 20 years. As our main aim is to be your single-source all-in-one IT service provider, we offer a wide range of products and services. Visit our website for more details. » more SharePlex is the reliable and affordable data replication solution for PostgreSQL migrations, high availability and more. » more Timescale: Calling all PostgreSQL users – the 2023 State of PostgreSQL survey is now open! Share your favorite extensions, preferred frameworks, community experiences, and more. Take the survey today! » more Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres: An Enterprise Grade PostgreSQL with the flexibility of a hybrid cloud solution combined with industry leading security, availability and performance. » more Navicat for PostgreSQL is an easy-to-use graphical tool for PostgreSQL database development. » more pgDash: In-Depth PostgreSQL Monitoring. » more Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools. » more | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Cassandra | Milvus | PostgreSQL | Transbase | Weaviate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DB-Engines blog posts | Cassandra keeps climbing the ranks of the DB-Engines Ranking Oracle is the DBMS of the Year Winners, losers and an attractive newcomer in Novembers DB-Engines ranking | Vector databases | PostgreSQL is the DBMS of the Year 2023 Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2022, defending the title from last year Snowflake is the DBMS of the Year 2021 | Weaviate, an ANN Database with CRUD support Monitoring PostgreSQL with Redgate Monitor Why Apache Cassandra 5.0 Is a Game-Changer for Developers Here's What to Know About Apache Cassandra 5.0 How Uber Optimized Cassandra Operations At Scale Cassandra is the “best f*cking database for gen AI,” says DataStax CEO Microsoft extends life support for aging Apache Cassandra 3.11 database provided by Google News How NVIDIA GPU Acceleration Supercharged Milvus Vector Database AI-Powered Search Engine With Milvus Vector Database on Vultr Zilliz Unveils Game-Changing Features for Vector Search Milvus 2.4 Unveils Game-Changing Features for Enhanced Vector Search IBM watsonx.data’s integrated vector database: unify, prepare, and deliver your data for AI provided by Google News AGEDB Technology Launches PGTS - PostgreSQL Tech-Support Introducing OCI Database with PostgreSQL: Completing Our Cloud Database Suite for Every Need PostgreSQL Security Flaws Let Attackers Execute Code Automatically Generate Types for Your PostgreSQL Database General availability: Microsoft Entra ID integration with Azure Cosmos DB for PostgreSQL | Azure updates provided by Google News Build enterprise-ready generative AI solutions with Cohere foundation models in Amazon Bedrock and Weaviate vector ... Weaviate Partners with Snowflake to Bring Secure GenAI to Snowpark Container Services Getting Started with Weaviate: A Beginner's Guide to Search with Vector Databases Weaviate Raises $50 Million Series B Funding to Meet Soaring Demand for AI Native Vector Database Technology ... The 5 Best Vector Databases You Must Try in 2024 provided by Google News | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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