DBMS > Apache IoTDB vs. FoundationDB vs. MariaDB vs. NebulaGraph vs. TypeDB

System Properties Comparison Apache IoTDB vs. FoundationDB vs. MariaDB vs. NebulaGraph vs. TypeDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.

Description

An IoT native database with high performance for data management and analysis, deployable on the edge and the cloud and integrated with Hadoop, Spark and Flink

Ordered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.

MySQL application compatible open source RDBMS, enhanced with high availability, security, interoperability and performance capabilities. MariaDB ColumnStore provides a column-oriented storage engine and MariaDB Xpand supports distributed SQL.

A distributed, linear scalable, high perfomant Graph DBMS

TypeDB is a strongly-typed database with a rich and logical type system and TypeQL as its query language

Primary database model

Time Series DBMS

Document store

supported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS

supported via specific SQL-layer

Relational DBMS

Graph DBMS

Graph DBMS
Relational DBMS

Often described as a 'hyper-relational' database, since it implements the 'Entity-Relationship Paradigm' to manage complex data structures and ontologies.

Secondary database models

Document store
Graph DBMS

with OQGraph storage engine
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	1.18
Rank	#173	Overall
	#15	Time Series DBMS

Score	1.03
Rank	#190	Overall
	#31	Document stores
	#28	Key-value stores
	#89	Relational DBMS

Score	93.21
Rank	#13	Overall
	#9	Relational DBMS

Score	2.14
Rank	#120	Overall
	#10	Graph DBMS

Score	0.65
Rank	#234	Overall
	#20	Graph DBMS
	#107	Relational DBMS

Website

iotdb.apache.org

github.com/apple/foundationdb

mariadb.com

Site of MariaDB Corporation
mariadb.org

Site of MariaDB Foundation

github.com/vesoft-inc/nebula
www.nebula-graph.io

typedb.com

Technical documentation

iotdb.apache.org/UserGuide/Master/QuickStart/QuickStart.html

apple.github.io/foundationdb

mariadb.com/kb/en/library

docs.nebula-graph.io

typedb.com/docs

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

FoundationDB

MariaDB Corporation Ab (MariaDB Enterprise),
MariaDB Foundation (community MariaDB Server)

The lead developer Monty Widenius is the original author of MySQL

Vesoft Inc.

Vaticle

Initial release

2018

2013

2009

Fork of MySQL, which was first released in 1995

2019

2016

Current release

1.1.0, April 2023

6.2.28, November 2020

11.3.2, February 2024

2.26.3, January 2024

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Open Source

GPL version 2, commercial enterprise subscription available

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0

Open Source

GPL Version 3, commercial licenses available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

STACKIT MariaDB offers MariaDB in a fully managed version in enterprise grade, 100% GDPR-compliant.

Implementation language

Java

C++

C and C++

C++

Java

Server operating systems

All OS with a Java VM (>= 1.8)

Linux
OS X
Windows

FreeBSD
Linux
Solaris
Windows

ColumnStore storage engine not available on Windows

Linux

Linux
OS X
Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

some layers support schemas

yes

Dynamic columns are supported

Strong typed schema

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

some layers support typing

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

Nebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language

supported in specific SQL layer only

yes

with proprietary extensions

SQL-like query language

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
Native API

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
Proprietary native API

Browser interface
console (shell)
Cypher Query Language
GO Object Graph Mapper
Java Object Graph Mapper
NGBatis

ORM framework for NebulaGraph and Spring-Boot
Proprietary native API
Python Object Graph Mapper
Query language nGQL

gRPC protocol
TypeDB Console (shell)
TypeDB Studio (Visualisation software- previously TypeDB Workbase)

Supported programming languages

C
C#
C++
Go
Java
Python
Scala

.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript

Node.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift

Ada
C
C#
C++
D
Eiffel
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Objective-C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scheme
Tcl

.Net
C++
Go
Java
PHP
Python

All JVM based languages
Groovy
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Scala

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

in SQL-layer only

yes

PL/SQL compatibility added with version 10.3

user defined functions

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

horizontal partitioning (by time range) + vertical partitioning (by deviceId)

Sharding

several options for horizontal partitioning and Sharding

Sharding

by using Cassandra

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication methods; using Raft/IoTConsensus algorithm to ensure strong/eventual data consistency among multiple replicas

yes

Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

Causal Clustering using Raft protocol

Multi-source replication

by using Cassandra

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Integration with Hadoop and Spark

yes

by using Apache Kafka and Apache Zookeeper

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency
Strong Consistency with Raft

Linearizable consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

in SQL-layer only

yes

not for MyISAM storage engine

yes

Relationships in graphs

substituted by the relationship feature

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

not for MyISAM storage engine

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

not for in-memory storage engine

yes

using RocksDB

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

with MEMORY storage engine

yes

User concepts

Access control

yes

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Role-based access control

yes

at REST API level; other APIs in progress

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

MariaDB is the most powerful open source relational database – modern SQL and JSON...
» more

NebulaGraph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more

TypeDB is a polymorphic database with a conceptual data model, a strong subtyping...
» more

Competitive advantages

MariaDB Servers have many features unavailable in other open source relational databases....
» more

NebulaGraph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more

TypeDB provides a new level of expressivity, extensibility, interoperability, and...
» more

Typical application scenarios

Web, SaaS and Cloud operational applications that require high availability, scalability...
» more

Social networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more

Life sciences : TypeDB makes working with biological data much easier and accelerates...
» more

Key customers

Deutsche Bank, DBS Bank, Nasdaq, Red Hat, ServiceNow, Verizon and Walgreens Featured...
» more

Companies from a variety of industries have implemented NebulaGraph Database in production,...
» more

Market metrics

MariaDB is the default database in the LAMP stack supplied by Red Hat and SUSE Linux,...
» more

At our very early stage, NebulaGraph has already received over 10,000 stars on GitHub...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

MariaDB plc subscriptions cover our free, open source database, Community Server,...
» more

NebulaGraph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license.
» more

Apache f or language drivers, and AGPL and Commercial for the database server. The...
» more

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.