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DBMS > Amazon DynamoDB vs. Cassandra vs. HyperSQL vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Amazon DynamoDB vs. Cassandra vs. HyperSQL vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameAmazon DynamoDB  Xexclude from comparisonCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonHyperSQL infoalso known as HSQLDB  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Cosmos DB infoformer name was Azure DocumentDB  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionHosted, scalable database service by Amazon with the data stored in Amazons cloudWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessMultithreaded, transactional RDBMS written in Java infoalso known as HSQLDBGlobally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database serviceVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelDocument store
Key-value store
Wide column storeRelational DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store
Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Spatial DBMSSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score74.45
Rank#17  Overall
#3  Document stores
#2  Key-value stores
Score98.83
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score3.23
Rank#93  Overall
#48  Relational DBMS
Score27.71
Rank#27  Overall
#4  Document stores
#2  Graph DBMS
#3  Key-value stores
#3  Wide column stores
Score4.27
Rank#73  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#39  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websiteaws.amazon.com/­dynamodbcassandra.apache.orghsqldb.orgazure.microsoft.com/­services/­cosmos-dbvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationdocs.aws.amazon.com/­dynamodbcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latesthsqldb.org/­web/­hsqlDocsFrame.htmllearn.microsoft.com/­azure/­cosmos-dbdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperAmazonApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookMicrosoftOpenLink Software
Initial release20122008200120141998
Current release4.1.3, July 20232.7.2, June 20237.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open Sourcecommercial infofree tier for a limited amount of database operationsOpen Source infoApache version 2Open Source infobased on BSD licensecommercialOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnonoyesno
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.
Implementation languageJavaJavaC
Server operating systemshostedBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VM infoEmbedded (into Java applications) and Client-Server operating modeshostedAIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeschema-freeyesschema-freeyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes infoJSON typesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyes
Secondary indexesyesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyes infoAll properties auto-indexed by defaultyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yesSQL-like query languageyes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsRESTful HTTP APIProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
HTTP API infoJDBC via HTTP
JDBC
ODBC
DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languages.Net
ColdFusion
Erlang
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
C#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC
Java
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoJava, SQLJavaScriptyes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersyes infoby integration with AWS LambdayesyesJavaScriptyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingSharding infono "single point of failure"noneSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possiblenoneyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsno infomay be implemented via Amazon Elastic MapReduce (Amazon EMR)yesnowith Hadoop integration infoIntegration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*yes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be specified for read operations
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Immediate ConsistencyBounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infoConsistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyesnoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACID infoACID across one or more tables within a single AWS account and regionno infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDMulti-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partitionACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users and roles can be defined via the AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)Access rights for users can be defined per objectfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights can be defined down to the item levelFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
Amazon DynamoDBCassandraHyperSQL infoalso known as HSQLDBMicrosoft Azure Cosmos DB infoformer name was Azure DocumentDBVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
» more
Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
» more
Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
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Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
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Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
» more
Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
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More resources
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