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DBMS > Microsoft SQL Server vs. Oracle NoSQL vs. PostgreSQL vs. Spark SQL vs. VelocityDB

System Properties Comparison Microsoft SQL Server vs. Oracle NoSQL vs. PostgreSQL vs. Spark SQL vs. VelocityDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameMicrosoft SQL Server  Xexclude from comparisonOracle NoSQL  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonSpark SQL  Xexclude from comparisonVelocityDB  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionMicrosofts flagship relational DBMSA multi-model, scalable, distributed NoSQL database, designed to provide highly reliable, flexible, and available data management across a configurable set of storage nodesWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLSpark SQL is a component on top of 'Spark Core' for structured data processingA .NET Object Database that can be embedded/distributed and extended to a graph data model (VelocityGraph)
Primary database modelRelational DBMSDocument store
Key-value store
Relational DBMS
Relational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Relational DBMSGraph DBMS
Object oriented DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score821.56
Rank#3  Overall
#3  Relational DBMS
Score3.05
Rank#97  Overall
#17  Document stores
#16  Key-value stores
#50  Relational DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score18.04
Rank#33  Overall
#20  Relational DBMS
Score0.11
Rank#354  Overall
#37  Graph DBMS
#15  Object oriented DBMS
Websitewww.microsoft.com/­en-us/­sql-serverwww.oracle.com/­database/­nosql/­technologies/­nosqlwww.postgresql.orgspark.apache.org/­sqlvelocitydb.com
Technical documentationlearn.microsoft.com/­en-US/­sql/­sql-serverdocs.oracle.com/­en/­database/­other-databases/­nosql-database/­index.htmlwww.postgresql.org/­docsspark.apache.org/­docs/­latest/­sql-programming-guide.htmlvelocitydb.com/­UserGuide
DeveloperMicrosoftOraclePostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerApache Software FoundationVelocityDB Inc
Initial release198920111989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL20142011
Current releaseSQL Server 2022, November 202223.3, December 202316.3, May 20243.5.0 ( 2.13), September 20237.x
License infoCommercial or Open Sourcecommercial inforestricted free version is availableOpen Source infoProprietary for Enterprise Edition (Oracle Database EE license has Oracle NoSQL database EE covered: details)Open Source infoBSDOpen Source infoApache 2.0commercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC++JavaCScalaC#
Server operating systemsLinux
Windows
Linux
Solaris SPARC/x86
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
OS X
Windows
Any that supports .NET
Data schemeyesSupport Fixed schema and Schema-less deployment with the ability to interoperate between them.yesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesoptionalyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.yesnoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.nono
Secondary indexesyesyesyesnoyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesSQL-like DML and DDL statementsyes infostandard with numerous extensionsSQL-like DML and DDL statementsno
APIs and other access methodsADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
RESTful HTTP APIADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
JDBC
ODBC
.Net
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic
C
C#
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Java
Python
R
Scala
.Net
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresTransact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) Javanouser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.nono
TriggersyesnoyesnoCallbacks are triggered when data changes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodestables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federationShardingpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashyes, utilizing Spark CoreSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyes, but depending on the SQL-Server EditionElectable source-replica replication per shard. Support distributed global deployment with Multi-region table featureSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsnone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnowith Hadoop integrationnono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infodepending on configuration
Immediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesnoyesnono
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDconfigurable infoACID within a storage node (=shard)ACIDnoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyes infooff heap cachenonoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and rolesfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardnoBased on Windows Authentication

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More resources
Microsoft SQL ServerOracle NoSQLPostgreSQLSpark SQLVelocityDB
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