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DBMS > Ingres vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics vs. PostgreSQL vs. Splice Machine vs. SQLite

System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics vs. PostgreSQL vs. Splice Machine vs. SQLite

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameIngres  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Synapse Analytics infopreviously named Azure SQL Data Warehouse  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonSplice Machine  Xexclude from comparisonSQLite  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWell established RDBMSElastic, large scale data warehouse service leveraging the broad eco-system of SQL ServerWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLOpen-Source SQL RDBMS for Operational and Analytical use cases with native Machine Learning, powered by Hadoop and SparkWidely used embeddable, in-process RDBMS
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Relational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score3.80
Rank#82  Overall
#44  Relational DBMS
Score19.93
Rank#31  Overall
#19  Relational DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score0.54
Rank#252  Overall
#115  Relational DBMS
Score111.41
Rank#10  Overall
#7  Relational DBMS
Websitewww.actian.com/­databases/­ingresazure.microsoft.com/­services/­synapse-analyticswww.postgresql.orgsplicemachine.comwww.sqlite.org
Technical documentationdocs.actian.com/­ingresdocs.microsoft.com/­azure/­synapse-analyticswww.postgresql.org/­docssplicemachine.com/­how-it-workswww.sqlite.org/­docs.html
DeveloperActian CorporationMicrosoftPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerSplice MachineDwayne Richard Hipp
Initial release1974 infooriginally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s20161989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL20142000
Current release11.2, May 202216.3, May 20243.1, March 20213.46.0  (23 May 2024), May 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialcommercialOpen Source infoBSDOpen Source infoAGPL 3.0, commercial license availableOpen Source infoPublic Domain
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenoyesnonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageCC++CJavaC
Server operating systemsAIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows
hostedFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
server-less
Data schemeyesyesyesyesyes infodynamic column types
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes infonot rigid because of 'dynamic typing' concept.
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.no infobut tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files availablenoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.no
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesyesyes infostandard with numerous extensionsyesyes infoSQL-92 is not fully supported
APIs and other access methods.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
JDBC
Native Spark Datasource
ODBC
ADO.NET infoinofficial driver
JDBC infoinofficial driver
ODBC infoinofficial driver
Supported programming languagesC#
Java
PHP
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
R
Scala
Actionscript
Ada
Basic
C
C#
C++
D
Delphi
Forth
Fortran
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Objective-C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
PL/SQL
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Scheme
Smalltalk
Tcl
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyesTransact SQLuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.yes infoJavano
Triggersyesnoyesyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodeshorizontal partitioning infoIngres Star to access multiple databases simultaneouslySharding, horizontal partitioningpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashShared Nothhing Auto-Sharding, Columnar Partitioningnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesIngres ReplicatoryesSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
none
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononoYes, via Full Spark Integrationno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesno infodocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­synapse-analytics/­sql-data-warehouse/­sql-data-warehouse-table-constraintsyesyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes infoMVCCyesyesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yes infovia file-system locks
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardyesfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users, groups and roles according to SQL-standardno

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pgDash: In-Depth PostgreSQL Monitoring.
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Redgate webinars: A series of key topics for new PostgreSQL users.
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Navicat Monitor is a safe, simple and agentless remote server monitoring tool for PostgreSQL and many other database management systems.
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Navicat for SQLite is a powerful and comprehensive SQLite GUI that provides a complete set of functions for database management and development.
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More resources
IngresMicrosoft Azure Synapse Analytics infopreviously named Azure SQL Data WarehousePostgreSQLSplice MachineSQLite
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