DBMS > Ingres vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. YugabyteDB

System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. YugabyteDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Well established RDBMS

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database service

Microsofts flagship relational DBMS

High-performance distributed SQL database for global, internet-scale applications. Wire and feature compatible with PostgreSQL.

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Key-value store

Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Spatial DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS

Document store
Wide column store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	4.11
Rank	#81	Overall
	#44	Relational DBMS

Score	2.35
Rank	#111	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Score	29.04
Rank	#27	Overall
	#4	Document stores
	#2	Graph DBMS
	#3	Key-value stores
	#3	Wide column stores

Score	824.29
Rank	#3	Overall
	#3	Relational DBMS

Score	2.91
Rank	#102	Overall
	#51	Relational DBMS

Website

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

github.com/google/leveldb

azure.microsoft.com/services/cosmos-db

www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server

www.yugabyte.com

Technical documentation

docs.actian.com/ingres

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db

learn.microsoft.com/en-US/sql/sql-server

docs.yugabyte.com
github.com/yugabyte/yugabyte-db

Developer

Actian Corporation

Google

Microsoft

Yugabyte Inc.

Initial release

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

2011

2014

1989

2017

Current release

11.2, May 2022

1.23, February 2021

SQL Server 2022, November 2022

2.19, September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

BSD

commercial

restricted free version is available

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

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Implementation language

C++

C and C++

Server operating systems

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

hosted

Linux
Windows

Linux
OS X

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

depending on used data model

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

JSON types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

All properties auto-indexed by default

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

SQL-like query language

yes

yes, PostgreSQL compatible

APIs and other access methods

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)

JDBC
YCQL, an SQL-based flexible-schema API with its roots in Cassandra Query Language
YSQL - a fully relational SQL API that is wire compatible with the SQL language in PostgreSQL

Supported programming languages

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python

C#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic

C
C#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Rust
Scala

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

JavaScript

Transact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) Java

yes

sql, plpgsql, C

Triggers

yes

JavaScript

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

none

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

tables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federation

Hash and Range Sharding, row-level geo-partitioning

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Ingres Replicator

none

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service

yes, but depending on the SQL-Server Edition

Based on Raft distributed consensus protocol, minimum 3 replicas for continuous availability

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

with Hadoop integration

Integration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Bounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Consistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Strong consistency on writes and tunable consistency on reads

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Multi-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partition

ACID

Distributed ACID with Serializable & Snapshot Isolation. Inspired by Google Spanner architecture.

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

MVCC

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

yes

based on RocksDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

yes

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

YugabyteDB is an open source distributed SQL database for cloud native transactional...
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Competitive advantages

PostgreSQL compatible: Get instantly productive with a PostgreSQL compatible RDBMS....
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Typical application scenarios

Systems of record and engagement for cloud native applications that require resilience,...
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Market metrics

2 Million+ lifetime clusters deployed, 6.5K+ GitHub stars, 7K YugabyteDB Community...
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Licensing and pricing models

Apache 2.0 license for the database
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