DBMS > Google Cloud Spanner vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Oracle Coherence vs. PostgreSQL vs. TimesTen
System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Spanner vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Oracle Coherence vs. PostgreSQL vs. TimesTen
| Editorial information provided by DB-Engines | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name | Google Cloud Spanner Xexclude from comparison | Microsoft SQL Server Xexclude from comparison | Oracle Coherence Xexclude from comparison | PostgreSQL Xexclude from comparison | TimesTen Xexclude from comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | A horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play. | Microsofts flagship relational DBMS | Oracles in-memory data grid solution | Widely used open source RDBMS  Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL | In-Memory RDBMS compatible to Oracle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary database model | Relational DBMS | Relational DBMS | Key-value store | Relational DBMS with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module. | Relational DBMS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary database models | Document store Graph DBMS Spatial DBMS | Document store Graph DBMS with Apache AgeSpatial DBMS Vector DBMS with pgvector extension | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Website | cloud.google.com/spanner | www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server | www.oracle.com/java/coherence | www.postgresql.org | www.oracle.com/database/technologies/related/timesten.html | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technical documentation | cloud.google.com/spanner/docs | learn.microsoft.com/en-US/sql/sql-server | docs.oracle.com/en/middleware/standalone/coherence | www.postgresql.org/docs | docs.oracle.com/database/timesten-18.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developer | Microsoft | Oracle | PostgreSQL Global Development Group www.postgresql.org/developer | Oracle, TimesTen Performance Software, HP originally founded in HP Labs it was acquired by Oracle in 2005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial release | 2017 | 1989 | 2007 | 1989 1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL | 1998 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current release | SQL Server 2022, November 2022 | 14.1, August 2023 | 16.3, May 2024 | 11 Release 2 (11.2.2.8.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| License Commercial or Open Source | commercial | commercial restricted free version is available | commercial | Open Source BSD | commercial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cloud-based only Only available as a cloud service | yes | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Implementation language | C++ | Java | C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server operating systems | hosted | Linux Windows | All OS with a Java VM | FreeBSD HP-UX Linux NetBSD OpenBSD OS X Solaris Unix Windows | AIX HP-UX Linux OS X Solaris SPARC/x86 Windows | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data scheme | yes | yes | schema-free | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typing predefined data types such as float or date | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| XML support Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT. | no | yes | no | yes specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality. | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary indexes | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SQL Support of SQL | yes Query statements complying to ANSI 2011 | yes | no | yes standard with numerous extensions | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APIs and other access methods | gRPC (using protocol buffers) API JDBC At present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.RESTful HTTP API | ADO.NET JDBC ODBC OLE DB Tabular Data Stream (TDS) | JCache JPA RESTful HTTP API | ADO.NET JDBC native C library ODBC streaming API for large objects | JDBC ODBC ODP.NET Oracle Call Interface (OCI) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supported programming languages | Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) Python | C# C++ Delphi Go Java JavaScript (Node.js) PHP Python R Ruby Visual Basic | .Net C++ Java | .Net C C++ Delphi Java JDBCJavaScript (Node.js) Perl PHP Python Tcl | C C++ Java PL/SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Server-side scripts Stored procedures | no | Transact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) Java | no | user defined functions realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc. | PL/SQL | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Triggers | no | yes | yes Live Events | yes | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partitioning methods Methods for storing different data on different nodes | Sharding | tables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federation | Sharding | partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash | none | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replication methods Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes | Multi-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances. | yes, but depending on the SQL-Server Edition | yes, with selectable consistency level | Source-replica replication other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions | Multi-source replication Source-replica replication | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MapReduce Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods | yes using Google Cloud Dataflow | no | no | no | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consistency concepts Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Eventual Consistency Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency | Immediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on configuration | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign keys Referential integrity | yes by using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrity | yes | no | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction concepts Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data | ACID Strict serializable isolation | ACID | configurable | ACID | ACID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Concurrency Support for concurrent manipulation of data | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Durability Support for making data persistent | yes | yes | yes optionally | yes | yes by means of logfiles and checkpoints | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In-memory capabilities Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only. | no | yes | yes | no | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| User concepts Access control | Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM) | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | authentification to access the cache via certificates or http basic authentication | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| More resources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Google Cloud Spanner | Microsoft SQL Server | Oracle Coherence | PostgreSQL | TimesTen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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