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DBMS > Google Cloud Spanner vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Percona Server for MongoDB vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Spanner vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Percona Server for MongoDB vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonLevelDB  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonPercona Server for MongoDB  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string valuesDatabase as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerA drop-in replacement for MongoDB Community Edition with enterprise-grade features.Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization
Primary database modelRelational DBMSKey-value storeRelational DBMSDocument storeGraph DBMS
RDF store
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.84
Rank#100  Overall
#51  Relational DBMS
Score2.25
Rank#115  Overall
#19  Key-value stores
Score76.78
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score0.60
Rank#246  Overall
#39  Document stores
Score2.07
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Websitecloud.google.com/­spannergithub.com/­google/­leveldbazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasewww.percona.com/­mongodb/­software/­percona-server-for-mongodbwww.stardog.com
Technical documentationcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docsgithub.com/­google/­leveldb/­blob/­main/­doc/­index.mddocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqldocs.percona.com/­percona-distribution-for-mongodbdocs.stardog.com
DeveloperGoogleGoogleMicrosoftPerconaStardog-Union
Initial release20172011201020152010
Current release1.23, February 2021V123.4.10-2.10, November 20177.3.0, May 2020
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoBSDcommercialOpen Source infoGPL Version 2commercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++C++C++Java
Server operating systemshostedIllumos
Linux
OS X
Windows
hostedLinuxLinux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-freeyesschema-freeschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesnoyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesnono infoImport/export of XML data possible
Secondary indexesyesnoyesyesyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011noyesnoYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server
APIs and other access methodsgRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol using JSONGraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
Supported programming languagesGo
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
C++
Go
Java info3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js) info3rd party binding
Python info3rd party binding
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Actionscript
C
C#
C++
Clojure
ColdFusion
D
Dart
Delphi
Erlang
Go
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Perl
PHP
PowerShell
Prolog
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Smalltalk
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoTransact SQLJavaScriptuser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java
Triggersnonoyesnoyes infovia event handlers
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingnoneShardingnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.noneyes, with always 3 replicas availableSource-replica replicationMulti-source replication in HA-Cluster
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownonoyesno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integritynoyesnoyes inforelationships in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACID infoStrict serializable isolationnoACIDnoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyes infowith automatic compression on writesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyes infovia In-Memory Engineyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)nofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and rolesAccess rights for users and roles

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More resources
Google Cloud SpannerLevelDBMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzurePercona Server for MongoDBStardog
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