DBMS > Firebird vs. Immudb vs. Ingres vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Trafodion

System Properties Comparison Firebird vs. Immudb vs. Ingres vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Trafodion

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Apache Trafodion has been retired in 2021. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines Ranking.

Description

Firebird is an open source RDBMS forked from Borland's InterBase

An open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.

Well established RDBMS

Microsofts flagship relational DBMS

Transactional SQL-on-Hadoop DBMS

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Key-value store

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	20.82
Rank	#30	Overall
	#18	Relational DBMS

Score	0.24
Rank	#305	Overall
	#43	Key-value stores

Score	4.11
Rank	#81	Overall
	#44	Relational DBMS

Score	824.29
Rank	#3	Overall
	#3	Relational DBMS

Website

www.firebirdsql.org

github.com/codenotary/immudb
immudb.io

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server

trafodion.apache.org

Technical documentation

www.firebirdsql.org/en/reference-manuals

docs.immudb.io

docs.actian.com/ingres

learn.microsoft.com/en-US/sql/sql-server

trafodion.apache.org/documentation.html

Developer

Firebird Foundation

Codenotary

Actian Corporation

Microsoft

Apache Software Foundation, originally developed by HP

Initial release

2000

As fork of Borland's InterBase

2020

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

1989

2014

Current release

5.0.0, January 2024

1.2.3, April 2022

11.2, May 2022

SQL Server 2022, November 2022

2.3.0, February 2019

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Initial Developer's Public License

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

commercial

restricted free version is available

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

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Implementation language

C and C++

C++

C++, Java

Server operating systems

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
server-less

Firebird Embedded Server
Solaris
Unix
Windows

BSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

Linux
Windows

Linux

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

SQL-like syntax

yes

APIs and other access methods

ADO.NET
C/C++ API
JDBC

Jaybird
ODBC
OLE DB

gRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC

Supported programming languages

C
C#
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript

Node.js
Lua
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

C#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC/ADO.Net

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

PSQL

yes

Transact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) Java

Java Stored Procedures

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Sharding

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

tables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federation

Sharding

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Source-replica replication

Ingres Replicator

yes, but depending on the SQL-Server Edition

yes, via HBase

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

via user defined functions and HBase

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Features a multi-generational MVCC architecture, readers do not block writers

yes

MVCC

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users with fine-grained authorization concept

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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