DBMS > DuckDB vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. RDF4J vs. RocksDB vs. Spark SQL

System Properties Comparison DuckDB vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. RDF4J vs. RocksDB vs. Spark SQL

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

An embeddable, in-process, column-oriented SQL OLAP RDBMS

Database as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL Server

RDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.

Embeddable persistent key-value store optimized for fast storage (flash and RAM)

Spark SQL is a component on top of 'Spark Core' for structured data processing

Primary database model

Secondary database models

Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	4.57
Rank	#74	Overall
	#40	Relational DBMS

Score	77.99
Rank	#16	Overall
	#11	Relational DBMS

Score	0.69
Rank	#230	Overall
	#9	RDF stores

Score	3.65
Rank	#85	Overall
	#11	Key-value stores

Score	18.96
Rank	#33	Overall
	#20	Relational DBMS

Website

duckdb.org

azure.microsoft.com/en-us/products/azure-sql/database

rdf4j.org

rocksdb.org

spark.apache.org/sql

Technical documentation

duckdb.org/docs

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-sql

rdf4j.org/documentation

github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki

spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html

Developer

Microsoft

Since 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.

Facebook, Inc.

Apache Software Foundation

Initial release

2018

2010

2004

2013

2014

Current release

0.10, February 2024

V12

8.11.4, April 2024

3.5.0 ( 2.13), September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

MIT License

commercial

Open Source

Eclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.

Open Source

BSD

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

C++

Scala

Server operating systems

server-less

hosted

Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows

Linux

Linux
OS X
Windows

Data scheme

yes

RDF Schemas

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

APIs and other access methods

Arrow Database Connectivity (ADBC)
CLI Client
JDBC
ODBC

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC

Java API
RIO

RDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL

Sesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL

C++ API
Java API

JDBC
ODBC

Supported programming languages

C
C#

3rd party driver
C++
Crystal

3rd party driver
Go

3rd party driver
Java
Lisp

3rd party driver
Python
R
Ruby

3rd party driver
Rust
Swift
Zig

3rd party driver

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby

Java
PHP
Python

C
C++
Go
Java
Perl
Python
Ruby

Java
Python
R
Scala

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

Transact SQL

yes

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

horizontal partitioning

yes, utilizing Spark Core

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

none

yes, with always 3 replicas available

none

yes

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Isolation support depends on the API used

yes

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

in-memory storage is supported as well

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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