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DBMS > DuckDB vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Oracle NoSQL vs. RDF4J

System Properties Comparison DuckDB vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Oracle NoSQL vs. RDF4J

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameDuckDB  Xexclude from comparisonLevelDB  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonOracle NoSQL  Xexclude from comparisonRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn embeddable, in-process, column-oriented SQL OLAP RDBMSEmbeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string valuesDatabase as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerA multi-model, scalable, distributed NoSQL database, designed to provide highly reliable, flexible, and available data management across a configurable set of storage nodesRDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.
Primary database modelRelational DBMSKey-value storeRelational DBMSDocument store
Key-value store
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score4.63
Rank#69  Overall
#37  Relational DBMS
Score2.25
Rank#115  Overall
#19  Key-value stores
Score76.78
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score3.05
Rank#97  Overall
#17  Document stores
#16  Key-value stores
#50  Relational DBMS
Score0.74
Rank#222  Overall
#9  RDF stores
Websiteduckdb.orggithub.com/­google/­leveldbazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasewww.oracle.com/­database/­nosql/­technologies/­nosqlrdf4j.org
Technical documentationduckdb.org/­docsgithub.com/­google/­leveldb/­blob/­main/­doc/­index.mddocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqldocs.oracle.com/­en/­database/­other-databases/­nosql-database/­index.htmlrdf4j.org/­documentation
DeveloperGoogleMicrosoftOracleSince 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.
Initial release20182011201020112004
Current release1.0.0, June 20241.23, February 2021V1224.1, May 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoMIT LicenseOpen Source infoBSDcommercialOpen Source infoProprietary for Enterprise Edition (Oracle Database EE license has Oracle NoSQL database EE covered: details)Open Source infoEclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++C++C++JavaJava
Server operating systemsserver-lessIllumos
Linux
OS X
Windows
hostedLinux
Solaris SPARC/x86
Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-freeyesSupport Fixed schema and Schema-less deployment with the ability to interoperate between them.yes infoRDF Schemas
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesnoyesoptionalyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesno
Secondary indexesyesnoyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesnoyesSQL-like DML and DDL statementsno
APIs and other access methodsArrow Database Connectivity (ADBC)
CLI Client
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
RESTful HTTP APIJava API
RIO infoRDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL infoSesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL
Supported programming languagesC
C# info3rd party driver
C++
Crystal info3rd party driver
Go info3rd party driver
Java
Lisp info3rd party driver
Python
R
Ruby info3rd party driver
Rust
Swift
Zig info3rd party driver
C++
Go
Java info3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js) info3rd party binding
Python info3rd party binding
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
C
C#
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Java
PHP
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoTransact SQLnoyes
Triggersnonoyesnoyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonenoneShardingnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnonenoneyes, with always 3 replicas availableElectable source-replica replication per shard. Support distributed global deployment with Multi-region table featurenone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononowith Hadoop integrationno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infodepending on configuration
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDnoACIDconfigurable infoACID within a storage node (=shard)ACID infoIsolation support depends on the API used
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyes infowith automatic compression on writesyesyesyes infoin-memory storage is supported as well
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyes infooff heap cache
User concepts infoAccess controlnonofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and rolesno

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More resources
DuckDBLevelDBMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureOracle NoSQLRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame
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