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DBMS > DuckDB vs. H2 vs. Hazelcast vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison DuckDB vs. H2 vs. Hazelcast vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameDuckDB  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonHazelcast  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn embeddable, in-process, column-oriented SQL OLAP RDBMSFull-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.A widely adopted in-memory data gridDatabase as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSKey-value storeRelational DBMSGraph DBMS
RDF store
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSDocument store infoJSON support with IMDG 3.12Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score4.63
Rank#69  Overall
#37  Relational DBMS
Score8.33
Rank#46  Overall
#30  Relational DBMS
Score5.46
Rank#61  Overall
#7  Key-value stores
Score76.78
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score2.07
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Websiteduckdb.orgwww.h2database.comhazelcast.comazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasewww.stardog.com
Technical documentationduckdb.org/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlhazelcast.org/­imdg/­docsdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqldocs.stardog.com
DeveloperThomas MuellerHazelcastMicrosoftStardog-Union
Initial release20182005200820102010
Current release1.0.0, June 20242.2.220, July 20235.3.6, November 2023V127.3.0, May 2020
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoMIT LicenseOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoApache Version 2; commercial licenses availablecommercialcommercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenononoyesno
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++JavaJavaC++Java
Server operating systemsserver-lessAll OS with a Java VMAll OS with a Java VMhostedLinux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeyesyesschema-freeyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyes infothe object must implement a serialization strategyyesno infoImport/export of XML data possible
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyesyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesyesSQL-like query languageyesYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server
APIs and other access methodsArrow Database Connectivity (ADBC)
CLI Client
JDBC
ODBC
JDBC
ODBC
JCache
JPA
Memcached protocol
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
Supported programming languagesC
C# info3rd party driver
C++
Crystal info3rd party driver
Go info3rd party driver
Java
Lisp info3rd party driver
Python
R
Ruby info3rd party driver
Rust
Swift
Zig info3rd party driver
Java.Net
C#
C++
Clojure
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Scala
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsyes infoEvent Listeners, Executor ServicesTransact SQLuser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java
Triggersnoyesyes infoEventsyesyes infovia event handlers
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonenoneShardingnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnoneWith clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseyes infoReplicated Mapyes, with always 3 replicas availableMulti-source replication in HA-Cluster
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonoyesnono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency selectable by user infoRaft Consensus AlgorithmImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-Cluster
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesnoyesyes inforelationships in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDone or two-phase-commit; repeatable reads; read commitedACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardRole-based access controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and roles

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More resources
DuckDBH2HazelcastMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureStardog
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