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DBMS > Datomic vs. IBM Cloudant vs. Neo4j vs. PostgreSQL vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison Datomic vs. IBM Cloudant vs. Neo4j vs. PostgreSQL vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameDatomic  Xexclude from comparisonIBM Cloudant  Xexclude from comparisonNeo4j  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionDatomic builds on immutable values, supports point-in-time queries and uses 3rd party systems for durabilityDatabase as a Service offering based on Apache CouchDBScalable, ACID-compliant graph database designed with a high-performance distributed cluster architecture, available in self-hosted and cloud offeringsWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization
Primary database modelRelational DBMSDocument storeGraph DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Graph DBMS
RDF store
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score1.59
Rank#150  Overall
#69  Relational DBMS
Score2.68
Rank#106  Overall
#20  Document stores
Score44.46
Rank#23  Overall
#1  Graph DBMS
Score645.54
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score2.02
Rank#123  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Websitewww.datomic.comwww.ibm.com/­products/­cloudantneo4j.comwww.postgresql.orgwww.stardog.com
Technical documentationdocs.datomic.comcloud.ibm.com/­docs/­Cloudantneo4j.com/­docswww.postgresql.org/­docsdocs.stardog.com
DeveloperCognitectIBM, Apache Software Foundation infoIBM acquired Cloudant in February 2014Neo4j, Inc.PostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerStardog-Union
Initial release2012201020071989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL2010
Current release1.0.6735, June 20235.19, April 202416.2, February 20247.3.0, May 2020
License infoCommercial or Open Sourcecommercial infolimited edition freecommercialOpen Source infoGPL version3, commercial licenses availableOpen Source infoBSDcommercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenoyesnonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Neo4j Aura: Neo4j’s fully managed cloud service: The zero-admin, always-on graph database for cloud developers.Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools.
Implementation languageJava, ClojureErlangJava, ScalaCJava
Server operating systemsAll OS with a Java VMhostedLinux infoCan also be used server-less as embedded Java database.
OS X
Solaris
Windows
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-freeschema-free and schema-optionalyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesnoyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.no infoImport/export of XML data possible
Secondary indexesyesyesyes infopluggable indexing subsystem, by default Apache Luceneyesyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial
SQL infoSupport of SQLnononoyes infostandard with numerous extensionsYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server
APIs and other access methodsRESTful HTTP APIRESTful HTTP/JSON APIBolt protocol
Cypher query language
Java API
Neo4j-OGM infoObject Graph Mapper
RESTful HTTP API
Spring Data Neo4j
TinkerPop 3
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
Supported programming languagesClojure
Java
C#
Java
JavaScript
Objective-C
PHP
Ruby
.Net
Clojure
Elixir
Go
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infoTransaction FunctionsView functions (Map-Reduce) in JavaScriptyes infoUser defined Procedures and Functionsuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java
TriggersBy using transaction functionsyesyes infovia event handleryesyes infovia event handlers
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnone infoBut extensive use of caching in the application peersShardingyes using Neo4j Fabricpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnone infoBut extensive use of caching in the application peersMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
Causal Clustering using Raft protocol infoavailable in in Enterprise Version onlySource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsMulti-source replication in HA-Cluster
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyesnonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyEventual ConsistencyCausal and Eventual Consistency configurable in Causal Cluster setup
Immediate Consistency in stand-alone mode
Immediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-Cluster
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyes infoRelationships in graphsyesyes inforelationships in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDno infoatomic operations within a document possibleACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes infoOptimistic lockingyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyes infousing external storage systems (e.g. Cassandra, DynamoDB, PostgreSQL, Couchbase and others)yesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yes inforecommended only for testing and developmentnonoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnoAccess rights for users can be defined per databaseUsers, roles and permissions. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and roles
More information provided by the system vendor
DatomicIBM CloudantNeo4jPostgreSQLStardog
Specific characteristicsNeo4j delivers graph technology that has been battle tested for performance and scale...
» more
Competitive advantagesNeo4j is the market leader, graph database category creator, and the most widely...
» more
Typical application scenariosReal-Time Recommendations Master Data Management Identity and Access Management Network...
» more
Key customersOver 800 commercial customers and over 4300 startups use Neo4j. Flagship customers...
» more
Market metricsNeo4j boasts the world's largest graph database ecosystem with more than 140 million...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsGPL v3 license that can be used all the places where you might use MySQL. Neo4j Commercial...
» more
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