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DBMS > Apache Cassandra vs. H2 vs. PostgreSQL vs. SQLite vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Apache Cassandra vs. H2 vs. PostgreSQL vs. SQLite vs. XTDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Cassandra  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonSQLite  Xexclude from comparisonXTDB infoformerly named Crux  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessFull-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Widely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLWidely used embeddable, in-process RDBMSA general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries
Primary database modelWide column storeRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Relational DBMSDocument store
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Spatial DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score98.94
Rank#11  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score7.57
Rank#47  Overall
#30  Relational DBMS
Score644.36
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score103.35
Rank#10  Overall
#7  Relational DBMS
Score0.13
Rank#330  Overall
#45  Document stores
Websitecassandra.apache.orgwww.h2database.comwww.postgresql.orgwww.sqlite.orggithub.com/­xtdb/­xtdb
www.xtdb.com
Technical documentationcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestwww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlwww.postgresql.org/­docswww.sqlite.org/­docs.htmlwww.xtdb.com/­docs
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookThomas MuellerPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerDwayne Richard HippJuxt Ltd.
Initial release200820051989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL20002019
Current release5.0-rc1, July 20242.2.220, July 202316.4, August 20243.46.1  (13 August 2024), August 20241.19, September 2021
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache version 2Open Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoBSDOpen Source infoPublic DomainOpen Source infoMIT License
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.PostgreSQL Flex @ STACKIT offers managed PostgreSQL Instances with adjustable CPU, RAM, storage amount and speed and several extensions available, in enterprise grade to perfectly match all application requirements. All 100% GDPR-compliant.
Implementation languageJavaJavaCCClojure
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VMFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
server-lessAll OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux
Data schemeschema-freeyesyesyes infodynamic column typesschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes infonot rigid because of 'dynamic typing' concept.yes, extensible-data-notation format
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.nono
Secondary indexesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yesyes infostandard with numerous extensionsyes infoSQL-92 is not fully supportedlimited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite
APIs and other access methodsProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
ADO.NET infoinofficial driver
JDBC infoinofficial driver
ODBC infoinofficial driver
HTTP REST
JDBC
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
Java.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Actionscript
Ada
Basic
C
C#
C++
D
Delphi
Forth
Fortran
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Objective-C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
PL/SQL
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Scheme
Smalltalk
Tcl
Clojure
Java
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.nono
Triggersyesyesyesyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infono "single point of failure"nonepartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashnonenone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleWith clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsnoneyes, each node contains all data
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesnononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Immediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesyesyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datano infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyes infovia file-system locksyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesnoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users can be defined per objectfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardno
More information provided by the system vendor
Apache CassandraH2PostgreSQLSQLiteXTDB infoformerly named Crux
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
» more
Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
» more
Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
» more
Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
Market metricsApache Cassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
» more
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