DB-EnginesExtremeDB for everyone with an RTOSEnglish
Deutsch
Knowledge Base of Relational and NoSQL Database Management Systemsprovided by solid IT

DBMS > BoltDB vs. Cassandra vs. CrateDB vs. Firebird vs. RDF4J

System Properties Comparison BoltDB vs. Cassandra vs. CrateDB vs. Firebird vs. RDF4J

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameBoltDB  Xexclude from comparisonCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonCrateDB  Xexclude from comparisonFirebird  Xexclude from comparisonRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn embedded key-value store for Go.Wide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessDistributed Database based on LuceneFirebird is an open source RDBMS forked from Borland's InterBaseRDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.
Primary database modelKey-value storeWide column storeDocument store
Spatial DBMS
Search engine
Time Series DBMS
Vector DBMS
Relational DBMSRDF store
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Relational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score0.74
Rank#220  Overall
#31  Key-value stores
Score101.89
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score0.73
Rank#224  Overall
#37  Document stores
#5  Spatial DBMS
#16  Search engines
#19  Time Series DBMS
#8  Vector DBMS
Score20.82
Rank#30  Overall
#18  Relational DBMS
Score0.69
Rank#230  Overall
#9  RDF stores
Websitegithub.com/­boltdb/­boltcassandra.apache.orgcratedb.comwww.firebirdsql.orgrdf4j.org
Technical documentationcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestcratedb.com/­docswww.firebirdsql.org/­en/­reference-manualsrdf4j.org/­documentation
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookCrateFirebird FoundationSince 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.
Initial release2013200820132000 infoAs fork of Borland's InterBase2004
Current release4.1.3, July 20235.0.0, January 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoMIT LicenseOpen Source infoApache version 2Open SourceOpen Source infoInitial Developer's Public LicenseOpen Source infoEclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.CrateDB Cloud: a distributed SQL database that spreads data and processing across an elastic cluster of shared nothing nodes. CrateDB Cloud enables data insights at scale on Microsoft Azure, AWS and Google Cloud Platform.
Implementation languageGoJavaJavaC and C++Java
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
BSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
All Operating Systems, including Kubernetes with CrateDB Kubernetes Operator supportAIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
server-less infoFirebird Embedded Server
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeschema-freeFlexible Schema (defined schema, partial schema, schema free)yesyes infoRDF Schemas
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or datenoyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonono
Secondary indexesnorestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yes, but no triggers and constraints, and PostgreSQL compatibilityyesno
APIs and other access methodsProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
PostgreSQL wire protocol
Prometheus Remote Read/Write
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
C/C++ API
JDBC infoJaybird
ODBC
OLE DB
Java API
RIO infoRDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL infoSesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL
Supported programming languagesGoC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.NET
Erlang
Go infocommunity maintained client
Java
JavaScript (Node.js) infocommunity maintained client
Perl infocommunity maintained client
PHP
Python
R
Ruby infocommunity maintained client
Scala infocommunity maintained client
C
C#
C++
Delphi
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Lua
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Java
PHP
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonouser defined functions (Javascript)PSQLyes
Triggersnoyesnoyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneSharding infono "single point of failure"Shardingnonenone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnoneselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleConfigurable replication on table/partition-levelSource-replica replicationnone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyesnonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemnoneEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Eventual Consistency
Read-after-write consistency on record level
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynononoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datayesno infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsno infounique row identifiers can be used for implementing an optimistic concurrency control strategyACIDACID infoIsolation support depends on the API used
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyes infoFeatures a multi-generational MVCC architecture, readers do not block writersyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes infoin-memory storage is supported as well
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonono
User concepts infoAccess controlnoAccess rights for users can be defined per objectrights management via user accountsUsers with fine-grained authorization conceptno
More information provided by the system vendor
BoltDBCassandraCrateDBFirebirdRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
» more
The enterprise database for time series, documents, and vectors. Distributed - Native...
» more
Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
» more
Response time in milliseconds: e ven for complex ad-hoc queries. Massive scaling...
» more
Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
» more
​ IoT: accelerate your IIoT projects with CrateDB, delivering real-time analytics...
» more
Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
» more
Across all continents, CrateDB is used by companies of all sizes to meet the most...
» more
Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
» more
The CrateDB open source project was started in 2013 Honorable Mention in 2021 Gartner®...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
» more
See CrateDB pricing >
» more
News

How Concide Built its Chat Platform with Enhanced Document Management for Legal Tech Professionals
23 May 2024

Astra Vectorize: Generate Vector Embeddings with 1 Line of Code
22 May 2024

GitHub Copilot + DataStax Astra DB: Build GenAI Apps 100x Faster
21 May 2024

Empowering On-Premises Deployments with Generative AI: Introducing Vector Search for a Self-Managed Modern Architecture
15 May 2024

Tips and Tricks for the DataStax Astra CLI
7 May 2024

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services
3rd partiesCassandra Forward event: Want to level up your Cassandra game? Watch now replays of the March 2023 sessions.
» more

CData: Connect to Big Data & NoSQL through standard Drivers.
» more

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

More resources
BoltDBCassandraCrateDBFirebirdRDF4J infoformerly known as Sesame
DB-Engines blog posts

Cassandra keeps climbing the ranks of the DB-Engines Ranking
3 May 2016, Matthias Gelbmann

Oracle is the DBMS of the Year
5 January 2016, Paul Andlinger, Matthias Gelbmann

Winners, losers and an attractive newcomer in Novembers DB-Engines ranking
2 November 2015, Paul Andlinger

show all

Recent citations in the news

What I learnt from building 3 high traffic web applications on an embedded key value store.
21 February 2018, hackernoon.com

4 Instructive Postmortems on Data Downtime and Loss
1 March 2024, The Hacker News

Three Reasons DevOps Should Consider Rocky Linux 9.4
15 May 2024, DevOps.com

Roblox’s cloud-native catastrophe: A post mortem
31 January 2022, InfoWorld

How to Put a GUI on Ansible, Using Semaphore
22 April 2023, The New Stack

provided by Google News

Microsoft Build 2024: Cosmos DB for NoSQL gets vector search
21 May 2024, InfoWorld

Cassandra is the “best f*cking database for gen AI,” says DataStax CEO
13 December 2023, VentureBeat

Why Apache Cassandra 5.0 Is a Game-Changer for Developers
10 May 2024, The New Stack

Here's What to Know About Apache Cassandra 5.0
15 April 2024, hackernoon.com

How Uber Optimized Cassandra Operations At Scale
20 July 2023, Uber

provided by Google News

CrateDB Announces Availability of CrateDB on Google Cloud Marketplace
8 April 2024, Datanami

CrateDB Partners with HiveMQ to Deliver a Seamless Data Management Architecture for IoT
25 March 2024, PR Newswire

CrateDB Appoints Sergey Gerasimenko as New CTO
20 February 2024, CIO News

How We Designed CrateDB as a Realtime SQL DBMS for the Internet of Things
29 August 2017, The New Stack

Crate.io Introduces CrateDB 2.0 Enterprise and Open Source Editions
16 May 2017, Business Wire

provided by Google News

DoNot Team's New Firebird Backdoor Hits Pakistan and Afghanistan
23 October 2023, The Hacker News

12 Top Open Source Databases to Consider
1 May 2024, TechTarget

Exploring the Firebird Database
9 August 2023, Open Source For You

Top Databases for Artificial Intelligence, IoT, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Data Science, and Other Software Applications
23 July 2023, MarkTechPost

Top 15 Databases to Use in 2024 and Beyond
4 June 2021, Appinventiv

provided by Google News

GraphDB Goes Open Source
27 January 2020, iProgrammer

Ontotext's GraphDB 8.10 Makes Knowledge Graph Experience Faster and Richer
13 June 2019, Markets Insider

provided by Google News



Share this page

Featured Products

RaimaDB logo

RaimaDB, embedded database for mission-critical applications. When performance, footprint and reliability matters.
Try RaimaDB for free.

Milvus logo

Vector database designed for GenAI, fully equipped for enterprise implementation.
Try Managed Milvus for Free

Neo4j logo

See for yourself how a graph database can make your life easier.
Use Neo4j online for free.

Datastax Astra logo

Bring all your data to Generative AI applications with vector search enabled by the most scalable
vector database available.
Try for Free

AllegroGraph logo

Graph Database Leader for AI Knowledge Graph Applications - The Most Secure Graph Database Available.
Free Download

Present your product here