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DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. Graph Engine vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. TimesTen

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. Graph Engine vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. TimesTen

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonGraph Engine infoformer name: Trinity  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonTimesTen  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAnalytic DBMS for HadoopA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.A distributed in-memory data processing engine, underpinned by a strongly-typed RAM store and a general distributed computation engineDatabase as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerAn in-memory SQL relational database that delivers microsecond response and high throughput for OLTP applications. TimesTen can be deployed as a standalone database or as a cache to a backend Oracle database.
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSGraph DBMS
Key-value store
Relational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument storeDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score10.63
Rank#40  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score2.69
Rank#101  Overall
#51  Relational DBMS
Score0.56
Rank#241  Overall
#21  Graph DBMS
#34  Key-value stores
Score72.95
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score1.26
Rank#164  Overall
#75  Relational DBMS
Websiteimpala.apache.orgcloud.google.com/­spannerwww.graphengine.ioazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasewww.oracle.com/­database/­technologies/­related/­timesten.html
Technical documentationimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmlcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docswww.graphengine.io/­docs/­manualdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqldocs.oracle.com/­en/­database/­other-databases/­timesten/­index.html
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaGoogleMicrosoftMicrosoftOracle infooriginally founded in HP Labs it was acquired by Oracle in 2005
Initial release20132017201020101998
Current release4.1.0, June 2022V12Release 22.1
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2commercialOpen Source infoMIT Licensecommercialcommercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenoyesnoyesno
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++.NET and CC++
Server operating systemsLinuxhosted.NEThostedIBM AIX Power PC 64-bit
Linux arm64
Linux x86-64
Solaris SPARC 64
Solaris SPARC/x86
Solaris x86-64
Data schemeyesyesyesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyesno
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like DML and DDL statementsyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011noyesyes
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
RESTful HTTP APIADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Pro*C/C++ programming interfaces
SQL and PL/SQL via JDBC
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBCGo
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
C#
C++
F#
Visual Basic
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
C
C++
Java
Node.js
PL/SQL
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reducenoyesTransact SQLPL/SQL
Triggersnononoyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardinghorizontal partitioningnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factorMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.yes, with always 3 replicas availableMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infoquery execution via MapReduceyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on configuration
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integritynoyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACID infoStrict serializable isolationnoACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesoptional: either by committing a write-ahead log (WAL) to the local persistent storage or by dumping the memory to a persistent storageyesyes infoby means of logfiles and checkpoints
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and KerberosAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Apache ImpalaGoogle Cloud SpannerGraph Engine infoformer name: TrinityMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureTimesTen
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