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DBMS > Apache Druid vs. EXASOL vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. OrientDB vs. PostgreSQL

System Properties Comparison Apache Druid vs. EXASOL vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. OrientDB vs. PostgreSQL

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Druid  Xexclude from comparisonEXASOL  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Cosmos DB infoformer name was Azure DocumentDB  Xexclude from comparisonOrientDB  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionOpen-source analytics data store designed for sub-second OLAP queries on high dimensionality and high cardinality dataHigh-performance, in-memory, MPP database specifically designed for in-memory analytics.Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database serviceMulti-model DBMS (Document, Graph, Key/Value)Widely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL
Primary database modelRelational DBMS
Time Series DBMS
Relational DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store
Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Relational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.85
Rank#96  Overall
#50  Relational DBMS
#6  Time Series DBMS
Score1.66
Rank#138  Overall
#64  Relational DBMS
Score24.97
Rank#27  Overall
#4  Document stores
#2  Graph DBMS
#3  Key-value stores
#3  Wide column stores
Score3.02
Rank#88  Overall
#16  Document stores
#6  Graph DBMS
#12  Key-value stores
Score644.36
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Websitedruid.apache.orgwww.exasol.comazure.microsoft.com/­services/­cosmos-dborientdb.orgwww.postgresql.org
Technical documentationdruid.apache.org/­docs/­latest/­designwww.exasol.com/­resourceslearn.microsoft.com/­azure/­cosmos-dbwww.orientdb.com/­docs/­last/­index.htmlwww.postgresql.org/­docs
DeveloperApache Software Foundation and contributorsExasolMicrosoftOrientDB LTD; CallidusCloud; SAPPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developer
Initial release20122000201420101989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL
Current release30.0.0, June 20243.2.29, March 202416.4, August 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache license v2commercialcommercialOpen Source infoApache version 2Open Source infoBSD
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaJavaC
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Unix
hostedAll OS with a Java JDK (>= JDK 6)FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Data schemeyes infoschema-less columns are supportedyesschema-freeschema-free infoSchema can be enforced for whole record ("schema-full") or for some fields only ("schema-hybrid")yes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyes infoJSON typesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.
Secondary indexesyesyesyes infoAll properties auto-indexed by defaultyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL for queryingyesSQL-like query languageSQL-like query language, no joinsyes infostandard with numerous extensions
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
.Net
JDBC
ODBC
WebSocket
DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API
Tinkerpop technology stack with Blueprints, Gremlin, Pipes
Java API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
Supported programming languagesClojure
JavaScript
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Java
Lua
Python
R
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python
.Net
C
C#
C++
Clojure
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnouser defined functionsJavaScriptJava, Javascriptuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.
TriggersnoyesJavaScriptHooksyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infomanual/auto, time-basedShardingSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceShardingpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyes, via HDFS, S3 or other storage enginesyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceMulti-source replicationSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensions
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyes infoHadoop integrationwith Hadoop integration infoIntegration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*no infocould be achieved with distributed queriesno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyBounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infoConsistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesnoyes inforelationship in graphsyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACIDMulti-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partitionACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlRBAC using LDAP or Druid internals for users and groups for read/write by datasource and systemAccess rights for users, groups and roles according to SQL-standardAccess rights can be defined down to the item levelAccess rights for users and roles; record level security configurablefine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Apache DruidEXASOLMicrosoft Azure Cosmos DB infoformer name was Azure DocumentDBOrientDBPostgreSQL
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