DBMS > Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Stardog vs. Trino vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Stardog vs. Trino vs. XTDB

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Database as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL Server

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

Fast distributed SQL query engine for big data analytics. Forked from Presto and originally named PrestoSQL

A general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries

Primary database model

Secondary database models

Document store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS

Document store
Key-value store
Spatial DBMS
Search engine
Time Series DBMS
Wide column store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	72.95
Rank	#16	Overall
	#11	Relational DBMS

Score	1.93
Rank	#121	Overall
	#10	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Score	5.28
Rank	#61	Overall
	#35	Relational DBMS

Score	0.13
Rank	#330	Overall
	#45	Document stores

Website

azure.microsoft.com/en-us/products/azure-sql/database

www.stardog.com

trino.io

github.com/xtdb/xtdb
www.xtdb.com

Technical documentation

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-sql

docs.stardog.com

trino.io/broadcast
trino.io/docs/current

www.xtdb.com/docs

Developer

Microsoft

Stardog-Union

Trino Software Foundation

Juxt Ltd.

Initial release

2010

2012

2020 rebranded from PrestoSQL

2019

Current release

V12

7.3.0, May 2020

1.19, September 2021

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

MIT License

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

Clojure

Server operating systems

hosted

Linux
macOS
Windows

Linux
macOS

for devlopment

All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux

Data scheme

yes

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

yes

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

yes, extensible-data-notation format

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

depending on connected data-source

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

yes

limited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite

APIs and other access methods

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

JDBC
RESTful HTTP API
Trino CLI

HTTP REST
JDBC

Supported programming languages

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
R
Ruby

Clojure
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

Transact SQL

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

yes, depending on connected data-source

Triggers

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

depending on connected data-source

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes, with always 3 replicas available

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

depending on connected data-source

yes, each node contains all data

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

depending on connected data-source

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

depending on connected data-source

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

depending on connected data-source

yes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights for users and roles

SQL standard access control

More information provided by the system vendor

News

23 is a go, keeping pace with Java
17 September 2024

65: Performance boosts
12 September 2024

64: Control with Open Policy Agent OPA
22 August 2024

63: Querying with JS
1 August 2024

62: A lakehouse that simply works at Prezi
11 July 2024

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

PostgreSQL is the DBMS of the Year 2020
4 January 2021, Paul Andlinger, Matthias Gelbmann

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12 December 2019, Paul Andlinger

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7 February 2017, Matthias Gelbmann

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Recent citations in the news

Public Preview: New Azure SQL Database skills introduced to Microsoft Copilot in Azure
21 May 2024, Microsoft

Public Preview: Azure SQL updates for late-May 2024
21 May 2024, Microsoft

General availability: Azure SQL updates for late-May 2024
21 May 2024, Microsoft

Getting started with delivering generative AI capabilities in SQL Server and Azure SQL
26 June 2024, microsoft.com

Copilot in Azure SQL Database in Private Preview
27 March 2024, InfoQ.com

provided by Google News

The Perfect AI Storage: Trino From Facebook And Iceberg From Netflix?
30 April 2024, The Next Platform

A look at Presto, Trino SQL query engines
9 August 2022, TechTarget

Trino: The Open-source Data Query Engine That Split from Facebook
30 March 2022, hackernoon.com

Query big data with resilience using Trino in Amazon EMR with Amazon EC2 Spot Instances for less cost
4 October 2023, AWS Blog

Starburst accelerates Trino to ‘Warp Speed’ to accelerate data querying
8 February 2023, VentureBeat

provided by Google News

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