DBMS > Ingres vs. Oracle vs. Raima Database Manager vs. Spark SQL vs. Vitess

System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. Oracle vs. Raima Database Manager vs. Spark SQL vs. Vitess

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Well established RDBMS

Widely used RDBMS

RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into an application or used as a database server

Spark SQL is a component on top of 'Spark Core' for structured data processing

Scalable, distributed, cloud-native DBMS, extending MySQL

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Relational DBMS
Time Series DBMS

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Document store
Graph DBMS

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
RDF store

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
Spatial DBMS

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
Vector DBMS

since Oracle 23

Document store
Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	4.11
Rank	#81	Overall
	#44	Relational DBMS

Score	1236.29
Rank	#1	Overall
	#1	Relational DBMS

Score	0.46
Rank	#259	Overall
	#120	Relational DBMS
	#22	Time Series DBMS

Score	18.96
Rank	#33	Overall
	#20	Relational DBMS

Score	0.82
Rank	#209	Overall
	#97	Relational DBMS

Website

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

www.oracle.com/database

raima.com

spark.apache.org/sql

vitess.io

Technical documentation

docs.actian.com/ingres

docs.oracle.com/en/database

docs.raima.com

spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html

vitess.io/docs

Developer

Actian Corporation

Oracle

Raima Inc.

Apache Software Foundation

The Linux Foundation, PlanetScale

Initial release

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

1980

1984

2014

2013

Current release

11.2, May 2022

23c, September 2023

15, June 2021

3.5.0 ( 2.13), September 2023

15.0.2, December 2022

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

restricted free version is available

commercial

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0, commercial licenses available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C and C++

Scala

Server operating systems

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

AIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

Android
HP-UX
Integrity RTOS
iOS
Linux
OS X
QNX
Solaris
VxWorks
Windows

Linux
OS X
Windows

Docker
Linux
macOS

Data scheme

yes

Schemaless in JSON and XML columns

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

yes

Exporting/Importing of XML structures possible

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

with proprietary extensions

yes

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

yes

with proprietary extensions

APIs and other access methods

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
RESTful HTTP API

JDBC
ODBC

ADO.NET
JDBC
MySQL protocol
ODBC

Supported programming languages

C
C#
C++
Clojure
Cobol
Delphi
Eiffel
Erlang
Fortran
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Tcl
Visual Basic

.Net
C
C++
Objective-C
PL/SQL

Java
Python
R
Scala

Ada
C
C#
C++
D
Delphi
Eiffel
Erlang
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Objective-C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scheme
Tcl

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

PL/SQL

also stored procedures in Java possible

yes

based on the ANSI/ISO SQL Persistent Stored Modules (PSM) specification

yes

proprietary syntax

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

Sharding, horizontal partitioning

horizontal partitioning

yes, utilizing Spark Core

Sharding

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Ingres Replicator

Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

Source-replica replication

none

Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

can be realized in PL/SQL

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on configuration

Eventual Consistency across shards
Immediate Consistency within a shard

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

not for MyISAM storage engine

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

isolation level can be parameterized

ACID

ACID at shard level

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

MVCC

yes

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

table locks or row locks depending on storage engine

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

Version 12c introduced the new option 'Oracle Database In-Memory'

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Users with fine-grained authorization concept

no user groups or roles

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Raima Database Manager (RDM) is an embedded time-series database optimized to run...
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Competitive advantages

Decreased time-to-market Industry-standard interfaces & tools for making your job...
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Typical application scenarios

Typical use cases include: Internet of Things (IoT) Embedded In-Memory Database Time-Series...
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Key customers

Infor, ABB, The Boeing Company, BAE Systems, Dow Jones, Dun & Bradstreet, Fujitsu,...
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Market metrics

Over 30 000 applications developers worldwide have field-tested RDM products More...
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Licensing and pricing models

Just as the technical aspects of Raima Database Manager are flexible, so are the...
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News

Raima Unveils RaimaDB 16.0: Elevating Database Performance and User Experience
29 February 2024

Raima Announces Release of Raima Database Manager (RDM) v15, a Powerful Embedded Time Series Database
10 June 2021

Raima Announces Release of Raima Database Manager (RDM) v14.2, a Powerful IoT Edge Embedded Database
8 October 2020

Raima Joins BlackBerry QNX Channel Partner Program to Deliver Safety-Critical and Secure Software Solutions
1 October 2020

Raima Expands Their Reseller Network in Asia
19 May 2020

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and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.