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DBMS > Ingres vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. PostgreSQL vs. SAP HANA vs. Spark SQL

System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. PostgreSQL vs. SAP HANA vs. Spark SQL

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameIngres  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft SQL Server  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonSAP HANA  Xexclude from comparisonSpark SQL  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWell established RDBMSMicrosofts flagship relational DBMSWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLIn-memory, column based data store. Available as appliance or cloud serviceSpark SQL is a component on top of 'Spark Core' for structured data processing
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Relational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith SAP Hana, Enterprise Edition
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score3.80
Rank#82  Overall
#44  Relational DBMS
Score821.56
Rank#3  Overall
#3  Relational DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score44.27
Rank#23  Overall
#16  Relational DBMS
Score18.04
Rank#33  Overall
#20  Relational DBMS
Websitewww.actian.com/­databases/­ingreswww.microsoft.com/­en-us/­sql-serverwww.postgresql.orgwww.sap.com/­products/­hana.htmlspark.apache.org/­sql
Technical documentationdocs.actian.com/­ingreslearn.microsoft.com/­en-US/­sql/­sql-serverwww.postgresql.org/­docshelp.sap.com/­hanaspark.apache.org/­docs/­latest/­sql-programming-guide.html
DeveloperActian CorporationMicrosoftPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerSAPApache Software Foundation
Initial release1974 infooriginally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s19891989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL20102014
Current release11.2, May 2022SQL Server 2022, November 202216.3, May 20242.0 SPS07 (April 4, 2023), April 20233.5.0 ( 2.13), September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open Sourcecommercialcommercial inforestricted free version is availableOpen Source infoBSDcommercialOpen Source infoApache 2.0
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenononono infoalso available as a cloud based serviceno
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageCC++CScala
Server operating systemsAIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows
Linux
Windows
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Appliance or cloud-serviceLinux
OS X
Windows
Data schemeyesyesyesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.no infobut tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files availableyesyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.nono
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyesno
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesyesyes infostandard with numerous extensionsyesSQL-like DML and DDL statements
APIs and other access methods.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
OLE DB
Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
JDBC
ODBC
JDBC
ODBC
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Delphi
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Visual Basic
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Java
Python
R
Scala
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyesTransact SQL, .NET languages, R, Python and (with SQL Server 2019) Javauser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.SQLScript, Rno
Triggersyesyesyesyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodeshorizontal partitioning infoIngres Star to access multiple databases simultaneouslytables can be distributed across several files (horizontal partitioning); sharding through federationpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashyesyes, utilizing Spark Core
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesIngres Replicatoryes, but depending on the SQL-Server EditionSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsyesnone
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesyesyesyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACIDno
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes infoMVCCyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesnoyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardyesno

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More resources
IngresMicrosoft SQL ServerPostgreSQLSAP HANASpark SQL
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