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DBMS > Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. NebulaGraph vs. PostgreSQL vs. RavenDB

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. NebulaGraph vs. PostgreSQL vs. RavenDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonNebulaGraph  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonRavenDB  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.A distributed, linear scalable, high perfomant Graph DBMSWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLOpen Source Operational and Transactional Enterprise NoSQL Document Database
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSGraph DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Document store
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Time Series DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.84
Rank#100  Overall
#51  Relational DBMS
Score8.33
Rank#46  Overall
#30  Relational DBMS
Score2.23
Rank#116  Overall
#10  Graph DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score2.84
Rank#101  Overall
#18  Document stores
Websitecloud.google.com/­spannerwww.h2database.comgithub.com/­vesoft-inc/­nebula
www.nebula-graph.io
www.postgresql.orgravendb.net
Technical documentationcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmldocs.nebula-graph.iowww.postgresql.org/­docsravendb.net/­docs
DeveloperGoogleThomas MuellerVesoft Inc.PostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerHibernating Rhinos
Initial release2017200520191989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL2010
Current release2.2.220, July 202316.3, May 20245.4, July 2022
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infoApache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0Open Source infoBSDOpen Source infoAGPL version 3, commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaC++CC#
Server operating systemshostedAll OS with a Java VMLinuxFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
macOS
Raspberry Pi
Windows
Data schemeyesyesStrong typed schemayesschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesno
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.
Secondary indexesyesyesyes infoNebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.yesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011yesSQL-like query languageyes infostandard with numerous extensionsSQL-like query language (RQL)
APIs and other access methodsgRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
Browser interface
console (shell)
Cypher Query Language
GO Object Graph Mapper
Java Object Graph Mapper
NGBatis infoORM framework for NebulaGraph and Spring-Boot
Proprietary native API
Python Object Graph Mapper
Query language nGQL
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
.NET Client API
F# Client API
Go Client API
Java Client API
NodeJS Client API
PHP Client API
Python Client API
RESTful HTTP API
Supported programming languagesGo
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Java.Net
C++
Go
Java
PHP
Python
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
.Net
C#
F#
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functionsuser defined functionsuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.yes
Triggersnoyesyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingnoneShardingpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseCausal Clustering using Raft protocolSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsMulti-source replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownononoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyDefault ACID transactions on the local node (eventually consistent across the cluster). Atomic operations with cluster-wide ACID transactions. Eventual consistency for indexes and full-text search indexes.
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrityyesyes infoRelationships in graphsyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACID infoStrict serializable isolationACIDACIDACIDACID, Cluster-wide transaction available
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyes infousing RocksDByesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardRole-based access controlfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAuthorization levels configured per client per database
More information provided by the system vendor
Google Cloud SpannerH2NebulaGraphPostgreSQLRavenDB
Specific characteristicsNebulaGraph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more
Competitive advantagesNebulaGraph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more
Typical application scenariosSocial networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more
Key customersCompanies from a variety of industries have implemented NebulaGraph Database in production,...
» more
Market metricsAt our very early stage, NebulaGraph has already received over 10,000 stars on GitHub...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsNebulaGraph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license.
» more

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More resources
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