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DBMS > Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Postgres-XL

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Spanner vs. H2 vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Postgres-XL

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonPostgres-XL  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionA horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Database as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerBased on PostgreSQL enhanced with MPP and write-scale-out cluster features
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.89
Rank#103  Overall
#52  Relational DBMS
Score8.13
Rank#49  Overall
#31  Relational DBMS
Score77.99
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score0.49
Rank#256  Overall
#117  Relational DBMS
Websitecloud.google.com/­spannerwww.h2database.comazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasewww.postgres-xl.org
Technical documentationcloud.google.com/­spanner/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmldocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqlwww.postgres-xl.org/­documentation
DeveloperGoogleThomas MuellerMicrosoft
Initial release2017200520102014 infosince 2012, originally named StormDB
Current release2.2.220, July 2023V1210 R1, October 2018
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)commercialOpen Source infoMozilla public license
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesnoyesno
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaC++C
Server operating systemshostedAll OS with a Java VMhostedLinux
macOS
Data schemeyesyesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesyes infoXML type, but no XML query functionality
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011yesyesyes infodistributed, parallel query execution
APIs and other access methodsgRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
Supported programming languagesGo
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Java.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Erlang
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined FunctionsTransact SQLuser defined functions
Triggersnoyesyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingnonehorizontal partitioning
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseyes, with always 3 replicas available
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infousing Google Cloud Dataflownonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integrityyesyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACID infoStrict serializable isolationACIDACIDACID infoMVCC
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)fine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
Google Cloud SpannerH2Microsoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzurePostgres-XL
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Recent citations in the news

Google Improves Cloud Spanner: More Compute and Storage without Price Increase
14 October 2023, InfoQ.com

Google turns up the heat on AWS, claims Cloud Spanner is half the cost of DynamoDB
11 October 2023, TechCrunch

Google makes its Cloud Spanner database service faster and more cost-efficient
11 October 2023, SiliconANGLE News

Google Cloud just fired a major volley at AWS as the cloud wars heat up
12 October 2023, TechRadar

Google Spanner: When Do You Need to Move to It?
11 September 2023, hackernoon.com

provided by Google News

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27 March 2024, InfoQ.com

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27 March 2024, InfoWorld

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11 January 2024, Oracle

Public Preview: New Azure SQL Database skills introduced to Microsoft Copilot in Azure | Azure updates
21 May 2024, Microsoft

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25 April 2024, microsoft.com

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