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DBMS > Google Cloud Bigtable vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. NebulaGraph vs. RethinkDB

System Properties Comparison Google Cloud Bigtable vs. Google Cloud Spanner vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. NebulaGraph vs. RethinkDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameGoogle Cloud Bigtable  Xexclude from comparisonGoogle Cloud Spanner  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer  Xexclude from comparisonNebulaGraph  Xexclude from comparisonRethinkDB  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionGoogle's NoSQL Big Data database service. It's the same database that powers many core Google services, including Search, Analytics, Maps, and Gmail.A horizontally scalable, globally consistent, relational database service. It is the externalization of the core Google database that runs the biggest aspects of Google, like Ads and Google Play.Fully managed big data interactive analytics platformA distributed, linear scalable, high perfomant Graph DBMSDBMS for the Web with a mechanism to push updated query results to applications in realtime.
Primary database modelKey-value store
Wide column store
Relational DBMSRelational DBMS infocolumn orientedGraph DBMSDocument store
Secondary database modelsDocument store infoIf a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types/­dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store infothis is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine infosupport for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer/­time-series-analysis
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.97
Rank#92  Overall
#15  Key-value stores
#8  Wide column stores
Score2.69
Rank#101  Overall
#51  Relational DBMS
Score3.28
Rank#83  Overall
#45  Relational DBMS
Score1.92
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
Score2.58
Rank#105  Overall
#20  Document stores
Websitecloud.google.com/­bigtablecloud.google.com/­spannerazure.microsoft.com/­services/­data-explorergithub.com/­vesoft-inc/­nebula
www.nebula-graph.io
rethinkdb.com
Technical documentationcloud.google.com/­bigtable/­docscloud.google.com/­spanner/­docsdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorerdocs.nebula-graph.iorethinkdb.com/­docs
DeveloperGoogleGoogleMicrosoftVesoft Inc.The Linux Foundation infosince July 2017
Initial release20152017201920192009
Current releasecloud service with continuous releases2.4.1, August 2020
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialcommercialcommercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0Open Source infoApache Version 2
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesyesyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++C++
Server operating systemshostedhostedhostedLinuxLinux
OS X
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeyesFixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)Strong typed schemaschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or datenoyesyes infobool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-typesyesyes infostring, binary, float, bool, date, geometry
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesnono
Secondary indexesnoyesall fields are automatically indexedyes infoNebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.yes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoyes infoQuery statements complying to ANSI 2011Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subsetSQL-like query languageno
APIs and other access methodsgRPC (using protocol buffers) API
HappyBase (Python library)
HBase compatible API (Java)
gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
JDBC infoAt present, JDBC supports read-only queries. No support for DDL or DML statements.
RESTful HTTP API
Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API
Browser interface
console (shell)
Cypher Query Language
GO Object Graph Mapper
Java Object Graph Mapper
NGBatis infoORM framework for NebulaGraph and Spring-Boot
Proprietary native API
Python Object Graph Mapper
Query language nGQL
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R
.Net
C++
Go
Java
PHP
Python
C infocommunity-supported driver
C# infocommunity-supported driver
C++ infocommunity-supported driver
Clojure infocommunity-supported driver
Dart infocommunity-supported driver
Erlang infocommunity-supported driver
Go infocommunity-supported driver
Haskell infocommunity-supported driver
Java infoofficial driver
JavaScript (Node.js) infoofficial driver
Lisp infocommunity-supported driver
Lua infocommunity-supported driver
Objective-C infocommunity-supported driver
Perl infocommunity-supported driver
PHP infocommunity-supported driver
Python infoofficial driver
Ruby infoofficial driver
Scala infocommunity-supported driver
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoYes, possible languages: KQL, Python, Ruser defined functions
Triggersnonoyes infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­management/­updatepolicyClient-side triggers through changefeeds
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceShardingSharding inforange based
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesInternal replication in Colossus, and regional replication between two clusters in different zonesMulti-source replication with 3 replicas for regional instances.yes infoImplicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.Causal Clustering using Raft protocolSource-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesyes infousing Google Cloud DataflowSpark connector (open source): github.com/­Azure/­azure-kusto-sparknoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate consistency (for a single cluster), Eventual consistency (for two or more replicated clusters)Immediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyes infoby using interleaved tables, this features focuses more on performance improvements than on referential integritynoyes infoRelationships in graphsno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataAtomic single-row operationsACID infoStrict serializable isolationnoACIDAtomic single-document operations
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes infoMVCC based
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyes infousing RocksDByes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nononoyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)Azure Active Directory AuthenticationRole-based access controlyes infousers and table-level permissions
More information provided by the system vendor
Google Cloud BigtableGoogle Cloud SpannerMicrosoft Azure Data ExplorerNebulaGraphRethinkDB
Specific characteristicsNebulaGraph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more
Competitive advantagesNebulaGraph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more
Typical application scenariosSocial networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more
Key customersCompanies from a variety of industries have implemented NebulaGraph Database in production,...
» more
Market metricsAt our very early stage, NebulaGraph has already received over 10,000 stars on GitHub...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsNebulaGraph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license.
» more

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More resources
Google Cloud BigtableGoogle Cloud SpannerMicrosoft Azure Data ExplorerNebulaGraphRethinkDB
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