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DBMS > FoundationDB vs. LeanXcale vs. NebulaGraph vs. Riak KV vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison FoundationDB vs. LeanXcale vs. NebulaGraph vs. Riak KV vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameFoundationDB  Xexclude from comparisonLeanXcale  Xexclude from comparisonNebulaGraph  Xexclude from comparisonRiak KV  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.
DescriptionOrdered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.A highly scalable full ACID SQL database with fast NoSQL data ingestion and GIS capabilitiesA distributed, linear scalable, high perfomant Graph DBMSDistributed, fault tolerant key-value storeVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelDocument store infosupported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS infosupported via specific SQL-layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS
Graph DBMSKey-value store infowith links between data sets and object tags for the creation of secondary indexesDocument store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score0.97
Rank#191  Overall
#32  Document stores
#28  Key-value stores
#87  Relational DBMS
Score0.28
Rank#286  Overall
#41  Key-value stores
#130  Relational DBMS
Score1.92
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
Score3.84
Rank#76  Overall
#9  Key-value stores
Score3.99
Rank#75  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#40  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitegithub.com/­apple/­foundationdbwww.leanxcale.comgithub.com/­vesoft-inc/­nebula
www.nebula-graph.io
virtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationapple.github.io/­foundationdbdocs.nebula-graph.iowww.tiot.jp/­riak-docs/­riak/­kv/­latestdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperFoundationDBLeanXcaleVesoft Inc.OpenSource, formerly Basho TechnologiesOpenLink Software
Initial release20132015201920091998
Current release6.2.28, November 20203.2.0, December 20227.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache 2.0commercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0Open Source infoApache version 2, commercial enterprise editionOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++C++ErlangC
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Windows
LinuxLinux
OS X
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-free infosome layers support schemasyesStrong typed schemaschema-freeyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateno infosome layers support typingyesnoyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyes
Secondary indexesnoyes infoNebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.restrictedyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLsupported in specific SQL layer onlyyes infothrough Apache DerbySQL-like query languagenoyes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
Kafka Connector
ODBC
proprietary key/value interface
Spark Connector
Browser interface
console (shell)
Cypher Query Language
GO Object Graph Mapper
Java Object Graph Mapper
NGBatis infoORM framework for NebulaGraph and Spring-Boot
Proprietary native API
Python Object Graph Mapper
Query language nGQL
HTTP API
Native Erlang Interface
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languages.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift
C
Java
Scala
.Net
C++
Go
Java
PHP
Python
C infounofficial client library
C#
C++ infounofficial client library
Clojure infounofficial client library
Dart infounofficial client library
Erlang
Go infounofficial client library
Groovy infounofficial client library
Haskell infounofficial client library
Java
JavaScript infounofficial client library
Lisp infounofficial client library
Perl infounofficial client library
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala infounofficial client library
Smalltalk infounofficial client library
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresin SQL-layer onlyuser defined functionsErlangyes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersnoyes infopre-commit hooks and post-commit hooksyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingShardingSharding infono "single point of failure"yes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesCausal Clustering using Raft protocolselectable replication factorChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnononoyesyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemLinearizable consistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyEventual ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityin SQL-layer onlyyesyes infoRelationships in graphsno infolinks between data sets can be storedyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDnoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyes infousing RocksDByesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnoRole-based access controlyes, using Riak SecurityFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
FoundationDBLeanXcaleNebulaGraphRiak KVVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsNebulaGraph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more
Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesNebulaGraph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more
Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosSocial networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersCompanies from a variety of industries have implemented NebulaGraph Database in production,...
» more
Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsAt our very early stage, NebulaGraph has already received over 10,000 stars on GitHub...
» more
Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsNebulaGraph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license.
» more
Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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More resources
FoundationDBLeanXcaleNebulaGraphRiak KVVirtuoso
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