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DBMS > FoundationDB vs. H2 vs. HyperSQL vs. LMDB vs. NebulaGraph

System Properties Comparison FoundationDB vs. H2 vs. HyperSQL vs. LMDB vs. NebulaGraph

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameFoundationDB  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonHyperSQL infoalso known as HSQLDB  Xexclude from comparisonLMDB  Xexclude from comparisonNebulaGraph  Xexclude from comparison
Created as commercial project in 2013, FoundationDB has been acquired by Apple in March 2015 and was withdrawn from the market. As a consequence, the product was removed from the DB-Engines ranking. In April 2018, Apple open-sourced FoundationDB and it therefore reappears in the ranking.
DescriptionOrdered key-value store. Core features are complimented by layers.Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Multithreaded, transactional RDBMS written in Java infoalso known as HSQLDBA high performant, light-weight, embedded key-value database libraryA distributed, linear scalable, high perfomant Graph DBMS
Primary database modelDocument store infosupported via specific layer
Key-value store
Relational DBMS infosupported via specific SQL-layer
Relational DBMSRelational DBMSKey-value storeGraph DBMS
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score1.03
Rank#190  Overall
#31  Document stores
#28  Key-value stores
#89  Relational DBMS
Score8.13
Rank#49  Overall
#31  Relational DBMS
Score3.49
Rank#87  Overall
#47  Relational DBMS
Score1.99
Rank#125  Overall
#21  Key-value stores
Score2.14
Rank#120  Overall
#10  Graph DBMS
Websitegithub.com/­apple/­foundationdbwww.h2database.comhsqldb.orgwww.symas.com/­symas-embedded-database-lmdbgithub.com/­vesoft-inc/­nebula
www.nebula-graph.io
Technical documentationapple.github.io/­foundationdbwww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmlhsqldb.org/­web/­hsqlDocsFrame.htmlwww.lmdb.tech/­docdocs.nebula-graph.io
DeveloperFoundationDBThomas MuellerSymasVesoft Inc.
Initial release20132005200120112019
Current release6.2.28, November 20202.2.220, July 20232.7.2, June 20230.9.32, January 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache 2.0Open Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)Open Source infobased on BSD licenseOpen SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC++JavaJavaCC++
Server operating systemsLinux
OS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VMAll OS with a Java VM infoEmbedded (into Java applications) and Client-Server operating modesLinux
Unix
Windows
Linux
Data schemeschema-free infosome layers support schemasyesyesschema-freeStrong typed schema
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateno infosome layers support typingyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nononono
Secondary indexesnoyesyesnoyes infoNebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.
SQL infoSupport of SQLsupported in specific SQL layer onlyyesyesnoSQL-like query language
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
HTTP API infoJDBC via HTTP
JDBC
ODBC
Browser interface
console (shell)
Cypher Query Language
GO Object Graph Mapper
Java Object Graph Mapper
NGBatis infoORM framework for NebulaGraph and Spring-Boot
Proprietary native API
Python Object Graph Mapper
Query language nGQL
Supported programming languages.Net
C
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
PHP
Python
Ruby
Swift
JavaAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBC
Java
.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Nim
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Swift
Tcl
.Net
C++
Go
Java
PHP
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresin SQL-layer onlyJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined FunctionsJava, SQLnouser defined functions
Triggersnoyesyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardingnonenonenoneSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesWith clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databasenonenoneCausal Clustering using Raft protocol
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemLinearizable consistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityin SQL-layer onlyyesyesnoyes infoRelationships in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes infousing RocksDB
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardnoRole-based access control
More information provided by the system vendor
FoundationDBH2HyperSQL infoalso known as HSQLDBLMDBNebulaGraph
Specific characteristicsNebulaGraph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more
Competitive advantagesNebulaGraph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more
Typical application scenariosSocial networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more
Key customersCompanies from a variety of industries have implemented NebulaGraph Database in production,...
» more
Market metricsAt our very early stage, NebulaGraph has already received over 10,000 stars on GitHub...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsNebulaGraph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license.
» more

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More resources
FoundationDBH2HyperSQL infoalso known as HSQLDBLMDBNebulaGraph
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