this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	4.89
Rank	#67	Overall
	#8	Key-value stores

Score	0.51
Rank	#255	Overall
	#21	Time Series DBMS

Score	0.13
Rank	#336	Overall
	#32	Graph DBMS

Score	4.38
Rank	#77	Overall
	#41	Relational DBMS

Website

www.ehcache.org

github.com/spotify/heroic

github.com/hugegraph
hugegraph.apache.org

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

Technical documentation

www.ehcache.org/documentation

spotify.github.io/heroic

hugegraph.apache.org/docs

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

Developer

Terracotta Inc, owned by Software AG

Spotify

Baidu

Microsoft

Initial release

2009

2014

2018

2019

Current release

3.10.0, March 2022

0.9

cloud service with continuous releases

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2; commercial licenses available

Open Source

Apache 2.0

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

commercial

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java

Server operating systems

All OS with a Java VM

Linux
macOS
Unix

hosted

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

via Elasticsearch

yes

also supports composite index and range index

all fields are automatically indexed

SQL

Support of SQL

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

APIs and other access methods

JCache

HQL (Heroic Query Language, a JSON-based language)
HTTP API

Java API
RESTful HTTP API
TinkerPop Gremlin

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

Supported programming languages

Java

Groovy
Java
Python

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

asynchronous Gremlin script jobs

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

Triggers

yes

Cache Event Listeners

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

by using Terracotta Server

Sharding

yes

depending on used storage backend, e.g. Cassandra and HBase

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes

by using Terracotta Server

yes

depending on used storage backend, e.g. Cassandra and HBase

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

via hugegraph-spark

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Tunable Consistency (Strong, Eventual, Weak)

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

edges in graph

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

yes

supports JTA and can work as an XA resource

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

using a tiered cache-storage approach

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Users, roles and permissions

Azure Active Directory Authentication

More information provided by the system vendor

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

Related products and services

We invite representatives of vendors of related products to contact us for presenting information about their offerings here.

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