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DBMS > DuckDB vs. H2 vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Qdrant vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison DuckDB vs. H2 vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Qdrant vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameDuckDB  Xexclude from comparisonH2  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonQdrant  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn embeddable, in-process, column-oriented SQL OLAP RDBMSFull-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.Database as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerA high-performance vector database with neural network or semantic-based matchingEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMSRelational DBMSVector DBMSGraph DBMS
RDF store
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score4.63
Rank#69  Overall
#37  Relational DBMS
Score8.33
Rank#46  Overall
#30  Relational DBMS
Score76.78
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score1.28
Rank#167  Overall
#6  Vector DBMS
Score2.07
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Websiteduckdb.orgwww.h2database.comazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasegithub.com/­qdrant/­qdrant
qdrant.tech
www.stardog.com
Technical documentationduckdb.org/­docswww.h2database.com/­html/­main.htmldocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqlqdrant.tech/­documentationdocs.stardog.com
DeveloperThomas MuellerMicrosoftQdrantStardog-Union
Initial release20182005201020212010
Current release0.10, February 20242.2.220, July 2023V127.3.0, May 2020
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoMIT LicenseOpen Source infodual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)commercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0commercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++JavaC++RustJava
Server operating systemsserver-lessAll OS with a Java VMhostedDocker
Linux
macOS
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
Data schemeyesyesyesschema-freeschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesNumbers, Strings, Geo, Booleanyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesnono infoImport/export of XML data possible
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes infoKeywords, numberic ranges, geo, full-textyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial
SQL infoSupport of SQLyesyesyesnoYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server
APIs and other access methodsArrow Database Connectivity (ADBC)
CLI Client
JDBC
ODBC
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
gRPC
OpenAPI 3.0
RESTful HTTP/JSON API infoOpenAPI 3.0
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
Supported programming languagesC
C# info3rd party driver
C++
Crystal info3rd party driver
Go info3rd party driver
Java
Lisp info3rd party driver
Python
R
Ruby info3rd party driver
Rust
Swift
Zig info3rd party driver
Java.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
Rust
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoJava Stored Procedures and User-Defined FunctionsTransact SQLuser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java
Triggersnoyesyesyes infovia event handlers
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonenoneShardingnone
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnoneWith clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a databaseyes, with always 3 replicas availableCollection-level replicationMulti-source replication in HA-Cluster
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonononono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency, tunable consistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-Cluster
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesyesyes inforelationships in graphs
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)yesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yesyesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardKey-based authenticationAccess rights for users and roles

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More resources
DuckDBH2Microsoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureQdrantStardog
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