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DBMS > Datomic vs. PostgreSQL vs. RethinkDB vs. SurrealDB vs. ToroDB

System Properties Comparison Datomic vs. PostgreSQL vs. RethinkDB vs. SurrealDB vs. ToroDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameDatomic  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonRethinkDB  Xexclude from comparisonSurrealDB  Xexclude from comparisonToroDB  Xexclude from comparison
ToroDB seems to be discontinued. Therefore it is excluded from the DB-Engines Ranking.
DescriptionDatomic builds on immutable values, supports point-in-time queries and uses 3rd party systems for durabilityWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLDBMS for the Web with a mechanism to push updated query results to applications in realtime.A fully ACID transactional, developer-friendly, multi-model DBMSA MongoDB-compatible JSON document store, built on top of PostgreSQL
Primary database modelRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Document storeDocument store
Graph DBMS
Document store
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score1.59
Rank#150  Overall
#69  Relational DBMS
Score645.54
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score2.74
Rank#105  Overall
#19  Document stores
Score0.86
Rank#203  Overall
#34  Document stores
#18  Graph DBMS
Websitewww.datomic.comwww.postgresql.orgrethinkdb.comsurrealdb.comgithub.com/­torodb/­server
Technical documentationdocs.datomic.comwww.postgresql.org/­docsrethinkdb.com/­docssurrealdb.com/­docs
DeveloperCognitectPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerThe Linux Foundation infosince July 2017SurrealDB Ltd8Kdata
Initial release20121989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL200920222016
Current release1.0.6735, June 202316.2, February 20242.4.1, August 2020v1.1.1, January 2024
License infoCommercial or Open Sourcecommercial infolimited edition freeOpen Source infoBSDOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open SourceOpen Source infoAGPL-V3
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Aiven for PostgreSQL: Fully managed PostgreSQL for developers with 70+ extensions and flexible orchestration tools.
Implementation languageJava, ClojureCC++RustJava
Server operating systemsAll OS with a Java VMFreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
OS X
Windows
Linux
macOS
Windows
All OS with a Java 7 VM
Data schemeyesyesschema-freeschema-freeschema-free
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyes infostring, binary, float, bool, date, geometryyesyes infostring, integer, double, boolean, date, object_id
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.noyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.nono
Secondary indexesyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoyes infostandard with numerous extensionsnoSQL-like query language
APIs and other access methodsRESTful HTTP APIADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
GraphQL
RESTful HTTP API
WebSocket
Supported programming languagesClojure
Java
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
C infocommunity-supported driver
C# infocommunity-supported driver
C++ infocommunity-supported driver
Clojure infocommunity-supported driver
Dart infocommunity-supported driver
Erlang infocommunity-supported driver
Go infocommunity-supported driver
Haskell infocommunity-supported driver
Java infoofficial driver
JavaScript (Node.js) infoofficial driver
Lisp infocommunity-supported driver
Lua infocommunity-supported driver
Objective-C infocommunity-supported driver
Perl infocommunity-supported driver
PHP infocommunity-supported driver
Python infoofficial driver
Ruby infoofficial driver
Scala infocommunity-supported driver
Deno
Go
JavaScript (Node.js)
Rust
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infoTransaction Functionsuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.
TriggersBy using transaction functionsyesClient-side triggers through changefeedsno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnone infoBut extensive use of caching in the application peerspartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashSharding inforange basedSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnone infoBut extensive use of caching in the application peersSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsSource-replica replicationSource-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonoyesno
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynoyesnono
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACIDAtomic single-document operationsACIDno
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyes infoMVCC basedyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyes infousing external storage systems (e.g. Cassandra, DynamoDB, PostgreSQL, Couchbase and others)yesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.yes inforecommended only for testing and developmentnono
User concepts infoAccess controlnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardyes infousers and table-level permissionsyes, based on authentication and database rulesAccess rights for users and roles

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More resources
DatomicPostgreSQLRethinkDBSurrealDBToroDB
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