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DBMS > Cloudflare Workers KV vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Postgres-XL vs. PostgreSQL vs. SpaceTime

System Properties Comparison Cloudflare Workers KV vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. Postgres-XL vs. PostgreSQL vs. SpaceTime

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameCloudflare Workers KV  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer  Xexclude from comparisonPostgres-XL  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonSpaceTime  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionA global, low-latency, key-value store for applications on Cloudflare with exceptionally high read volumes and low-latency.Fully managed big data interactive analytics platformBased on PostgreSQL enhanced with MPP and write-scale-out cluster featuresWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLSpaceTime is a spatio-temporal DBMS with a focus on performance.
Primary database modelKey-value storeRelational DBMS infocolumn orientedRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Spatial DBMS
Secondary database modelsDocument store infoIf a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types/­dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store infothis is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine infosupport for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer/­time-series-analysis
Document store
Spatial DBMS
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
Relational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score0.39
Rank#274  Overall
#39  Key-value stores
Score3.80
Rank#81  Overall
#43  Relational DBMS
Score0.53
Rank#254  Overall
#117  Relational DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score0.03
Rank#392  Overall
#8  Spatial DBMS
Websitewww.cloudflare.com/­developer-platform/­workers-kvazure.microsoft.com/­services/­data-explorerwww.postgres-xl.orgwww.postgresql.orgwww.mireo.com/­spacetime
Technical documentationdevelopers.cloudflare.com/­kv/­apidocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorerwww.postgres-xl.org/­documentationwww.postgresql.org/­docs
DeveloperCloudflareMicrosoftPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerMireo
Initial release201820192014 infosince 2012, originally named StormDB1989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL2020
Current releasecloud service with continuous releases10 R1, October 201816.3, May 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialcommercialOpen Source infoMozilla public licenseOpen Source infoBSDcommercial
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud serviceyesyesnonono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageCCC++
Server operating systemshostedhostedLinux
macOS
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Linux
Data schemeschema-freeFixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)yesyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or datenoyes infobool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-typesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.noyesyes infoXML type, but no XML query functionalityyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.no
Secondary indexesnoall fields are automatically indexedyesyesno
SQL infoSupport of SQLnoKusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subsetyes infodistributed, parallel query executionyes infostandard with numerous extensionsA subset of ANSI SQL is implemented
APIs and other access methodsHTTP REST
Proprietary protocol
Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
RESTful HTTP API
Supported programming languagesC
C++
Dart
JavaScript
Kotlin
Python
Rust
Scala
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Erlang
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
C#
C++
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnoYes, possible languages: KQL, Python, Ruser defined functionsuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.no
Triggersnoyes infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­management/­updatepolicyyesyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud servicehorizontal partitioningpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashFixed-grid hypercubes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesyesyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.Source-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsReal-time block device replication (DRBD)
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoSpark connector (open source): github.com/­Azure/­azure-kusto-sparknonono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Immediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyesyesno
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanonoACID infoMVCCACIDno
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonononono
User concepts infoAccess controlAzure Active Directory Authenticationfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardyes

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More resources
Cloudflare Workers KVMicrosoft Azure Data ExplorerPostgres-XLPostgreSQLSpaceTime
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