DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Cloudflare Workers KV vs. etcd vs. SQLite vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Cloudflare Workers KV vs. etcd vs. SQLite vs. Stardog

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

A global, low-latency, key-value store for applications on Cloudflare with exceptionally high read volumes and low-latency.

A distributed reliable key-value store

Widely used embeddable, in-process RDBMS

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

Primary database model

Secondary database models

Document store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	10.63
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	0.29
Rank	#283	Overall
	#40	Key-value stores

Score	7.05
Rank	#53	Overall
	#5	Key-value stores

Score	103.35
Rank	#10	Overall
	#7	Relational DBMS

Score	1.93
Rank	#121	Overall
	#10	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Website

impala.apache.org

www.cloudflare.com/developer-platform/workers-kv

etcd.io
github.com/etcd-io/etcd

www.sqlite.org

www.stardog.com

Technical documentation

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

developers.cloudflare.com/kv/api

etcd.io/docs
github.com/etcd-io/etcd/tree/master/Documentation

www.sqlite.org/docs.html

docs.stardog.com

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Cloudflare

Dwayne Richard Hipp

Stardog-Union

Initial release

2013

2018

2000

2010

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

3.4, August 2019

3.46.1 (13 August 2024), August 2024

7.3.0, May 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

Public Domain

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

Server operating systems

Linux

hosted

FreeBSD
Linux
Windows

experimental

server-less

Linux
macOS
Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

dynamic column types

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

not rigid because of 'dynamic typing' concept.

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

yes

SQL-92 is not fully supported

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

HTTP REST
Proprietary protocol

gRPC
JSON over HTTP

ADO.NET

inofficial driver
JDBC

inofficial driver
ODBC

inofficial driver

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

C
C++
Dart
JavaScript
Kotlin
Python
Rust
Scala

.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Scala
Tcl

Actionscript
Ada
Basic
C
C#
C++
D
Delphi
Forth
Fortran
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Objective-C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
PL/SQL
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Scheme
Smalltalk
Tcl

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

Triggers

yes, watching key changes

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication factor

yes

Using Raft consensus algorithm to ensure data replication with strong consistency among multiple replicas.

none

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

via file-system locks

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

Access rights for users and roles

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