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DBMS > Cassandra vs. CrateDB vs. IBM Cloudant vs. Milvus vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Cassandra vs. CrateDB vs. IBM Cloudant vs. Milvus vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameCassandra  Xexclude from comparisonCrateDB  Xexclude from comparisonIBM Cloudant  Xexclude from comparisonMilvus  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionWide-column store based on ideas of BigTable and DynamoDB infoOptimized for write accessDistributed Database based on LuceneDatabase as a Service offering based on Apache CouchDBA DBMS designed for efficient storage of vector data and vector similarity searchesVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelWide column storeDocument store
Spatial DBMS
Search engine
Time Series DBMS
Vector DBMS
Document storeVector DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsVector DBMS infostarting with release V5Relational DBMSSpatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score98.83
Rank#12  Overall
#1  Wide column stores
Score0.71
Rank#227  Overall
#37  Document stores
#5  Spatial DBMS
#16  Search engines
#19  Time Series DBMS
#8  Vector DBMS
Score2.75
Rank#104  Overall
#19  Document stores
Score2.78
Rank#103  Overall
#3  Vector DBMS
Score4.27
Rank#73  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#39  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitecassandra.apache.orgcratedb.comwww.ibm.com/­products/­cloudantmilvus.iovirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationcassandra.apache.org/­doc/­latestcratedb.com/­docscloud.ibm.com/­docs/­Cloudantmilvus.io/­docs/­overview.mddocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top level project, originally developped by FacebookCrateIBM, Apache Software Foundation infoIBM acquired Cloudant in February 2014OpenLink Software
Initial release20082013201020191998
Current release4.1.3, July 20232.3.4, January 20247.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache version 2Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0Open Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Astra DB: Multi-cloud DBaaS built on Apache Cassandra.CrateDB Cloud: a distributed SQL database that spreads data and processing across an elastic cluster of shared nothing nodes. CrateDB Cloud enables data insights at scale on Microsoft Azure, AWS and Google Cloud Platform.Zilliz Cloud – Cloud-native service for Milvus
Implementation languageJavaJavaErlangC++, GoC
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Windows
All Operating Systems, including Kubernetes with CrateDB Kubernetes Operator supporthostedLinux
macOS info10.14 or later
Windows infowith WSL 2 enabled
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeFlexible Schema (defined schema, partial schema, schema free)schema-freeyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesnoVector, Numeric and Stringyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonononoyes
Secondary indexesrestricted infoonly equality queries, not always the best performing solutionyesyesnoyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like SELECT, DML and DDL statements (CQL)yes, but no triggers and constraints, and PostgreSQL compatibilitynonoyes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsProprietary protocol infoCQL (Cassandra Query Language, an SQL-like language)
Thrift
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
PostgreSQL wire protocol
Prometheus Remote Read/Write
RESTful HTTP API
RESTful HTTP/JSON APIRESTful HTTP APIADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languagesC#
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Scala
.NET
Erlang
Go infocommunity maintained client
Java
JavaScript (Node.js) infocommunity maintained client
Perl infocommunity maintained client
PHP
Python
R
Ruby infocommunity maintained client
Scala infocommunity maintained client
C#
Java
JavaScript
Objective-C
PHP
Ruby
C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnouser defined functions (Javascript)View functions (Map-Reduce) in JavaScriptnoyes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersyesnoyesnoyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesSharding infono "single point of failure"ShardingShardingShardingyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factor infoRepresentation of geographical distribution of servers is possibleConfigurable replication on table/partition-levelMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyesnoyesnoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infocan be individually decided for each write operation
Eventual Consistency
Read-after-write consistency on record level
Eventual ConsistencyBounded Staleness
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Session Consistency
Tunable Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonononoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datano infoAtomicity and isolation are supported for single operationsno infounique row identifiers can be used for implementing an optimistic concurrency control strategyno infoatomic operations within a document possiblenoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyes infoOptimistic lockingyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nononoyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users can be defined per objectrights management via user accountsAccess rights for users can be defined per databaseRole based access control and fine grained access rightsFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
CassandraCrateDBIBM CloudantMilvusVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsApache Cassandra is the leading NoSQL, distributed database management system, well...
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The enterprise database for time series, documents, and vectors. Distributed - Native...
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Milvus is an open-source and cloud-native vector database built for production-ready...
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Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
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Competitive advantagesNo single point of failure ensures 100% availability . Operational simplicity for...
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Response time in milliseconds: e ven for complex ad-hoc queries. Massive scaling...
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Highly available, versatile, and robust with millisecond latency. Supports batch...
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Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
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Typical application scenariosInternet of Things (IOT), fraud detection applications, recommendation engines, product...
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​ IoT: accelerate your IIoT projects with CrateDB, delivering real-time analytics...
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RAG: retrieval augmented generation Video media : video understanding, video deduplication....
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersApple, Netflix, Uber, ING,, Intuit,Fidelity, NY Times, Outbrain, BazaarVoice, Best...
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Across all continents, CrateDB is used by companies of all sizes to meet the most...
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Milvus is trusted by thousands of enterprises, including PayPal, eBay, IKEA, LINE,...
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Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
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Market metricsCassandra is used by 40% of the Fortune 100.
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The CrateDB open source project was started in 2013 Honorable Mention in 2021 Gartner®...
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As of January 2024, 25k+ GitHub stars 10M+ downloads and installations​ ​ 3k+ enterprise...
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Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
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Licensing and pricing modelsApache license  Pricing for commercial distributions provided by DataStax and available...
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See CrateDB pricing >
» more
Milvus was released under the open-source Apache License 2.0 in October 2019. Fully-managed...
» more
Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
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