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DBMS > Badger vs. LMDB vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. mSQL vs. PostgreSQL

System Properties Comparison Badger vs. LMDB vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer vs. mSQL vs. PostgreSQL

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameBadger  Xexclude from comparisonLMDB  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Data Explorer  Xexclude from comparisonmSQL infoMini SQL  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAn embeddable, persistent, simple and fast Key-Value Store, written purely in Go.A high performant, light-weight, embedded key-value database libraryFully managed big data interactive analytics platformmSQL (Mini SQL) is a simple and lightweight RDBMSWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL
Primary database modelKey-value storeKey-value storeRelational DBMS infocolumn orientedRelational DBMSRelational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.
Secondary database modelsDocument store infoIf a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-types/­dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store infothis is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine infosupport for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorer/­time-series-analysis
Document store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score0.22
Rank#320  Overall
#47  Key-value stores
Score2.09
Rank#121  Overall
#20  Key-value stores
Score3.80
Rank#81  Overall
#43  Relational DBMS
Score1.27
Rank#169  Overall
#76  Relational DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Websitegithub.com/­dgraph-io/­badgerwww.symas.com/­symas-embedded-database-lmdbazure.microsoft.com/­services/­data-explorerhughestech.com.au/­products/­msqlwww.postgresql.org
Technical documentationgodoc.org/­github.com/­dgraph-io/­badgerwww.lmdb.tech/­docdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­data-explorerwww.postgresql.org/­docs
DeveloperDGraph LabsSymasMicrosoftHughes TechnologiesPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developer
Initial release20172011201919941989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL
Current release0.9.32, January 2024cloud service with continuous releases4.4, October 202116.3, May 2024
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache 2.0Open Sourcecommercialcommercial infofree licenses can be providedOpen Source infoBSD
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageGoCCC
Server operating systemsBSD
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Linux
Unix
Windows
hostedAIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris SPARC/x86
Windows
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
Data schemeschema-freeschema-freeFixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)yesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or datenoyes infobool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­query/­scalar-data-typesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonoyesnoyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.
Secondary indexesnonoall fields are automatically indexedyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLnonoKusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subsetA subset of ANSI SQL is implemented infono subqueries, aggregate functions, views, foreign keys, triggersyes infostandard with numerous extensions
APIs and other access methodsMicrosoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API
JDBC
ODBC
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
Supported programming languagesGo.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Lisp
Lua
MatLab
Nim
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Swift
Tcl
.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R
C
C++
Delphi
Java
Perl
PHP
Tcl
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresnonoYes, possible languages: KQL, Python, Rnouser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.
Triggersnonoyes infosee docs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­kusto/­management/­updatepolicynoyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonenoneSharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud servicenonepartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesnonenoneyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.noneSource-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensions
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnonoSpark connector (open source): github.com/­Azure/­azure-kusto-sparknono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemnoneImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
noneImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonononoyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanoACIDnonoACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesnoyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesnonono
User concepts infoAccess controlnonoAzure Active Directory Authenticationnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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More resources
BadgerLMDBMicrosoft Azure Data ExplorermSQL infoMini SQLPostgreSQL
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