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DBMS > Apache Impala vs. etcd vs. eXtremeDB vs. PostgreSQL vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. etcd vs. eXtremeDB vs. PostgreSQL vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
NameApache Impala  Xexclude from comparisonetcd  Xexclude from comparisoneXtremeDB  Xexclude from comparisonPostgreSQL  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionAnalytic DBMS for HadoopA distributed reliable key-value storeNatively in-memory DBMS with options for persistency, high-availability and clusteringWidely used open source RDBMS infoDeveloped as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQLVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelRelational DBMSKey-value storeRelational DBMS
Time Series DBMS
Relational DBMS infowith object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsDocument storeDocument store
Graph DBMS infowith Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS infowith pgvector extension
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score12.45
Rank#40  Overall
#24  Relational DBMS
Score7.03
Rank#54  Overall
#5  Key-value stores
Score0.80
Rank#214  Overall
#99  Relational DBMS
#18  Time Series DBMS
Score636.25
Rank#4  Overall
#4  Relational DBMS
Score4.27
Rank#73  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#39  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websiteimpala.apache.orgetcd.io
github.com/­etcd-io/­etcd
www.mcobject.comwww.postgresql.orgvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationimpala.apache.org/­impala-docs.htmletcd.io/­docs
github.com/­etcd-io/­etcd/­tree/­master/­Documentation
www.mcobject.com/­docs/­extremedb.htmwww.postgresql.org/­docsdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
DeveloperApache Software Foundation infoApache top-level project, originally developed by ClouderaMcObjectPostgreSQL Global Development Group infowww.postgresql.org/­developerOpenLink Software
Initial release201320011989 info1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL1998
Current release4.1.0, June 20223.4, August 20198.2, 202116.3, May 20247.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open SourceOpen Source infoApache Version 2Open Source infoApache Version 2.0commercialOpen Source infoBSDOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonononono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageC++GoC and C++CC
Server operating systemsLinuxFreeBSD
Linux
Windows infoexperimental
AIX
HP-UX
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-freeyesyesyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesnoyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.nonono infosupport of XML interfaces availableyes infospecific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.yes
Secondary indexesyesnoyesyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLSQL-like DML and DDL statementsnoyes infowith the option: eXtremeSQLyes infostandard with numerous extensionsyes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsJDBC
ODBC
gRPC
JSON over HTTP
.NET Client API
JDBC
JNI
ODBC
Proprietary protocol
RESTful HTTP API
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languagesAll languages supporting JDBC/ODBC.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Scala
Tcl
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
Lua
Python
Scala
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyes infouser defined functions and integration of map-reducenoyesuser defined functions inforealized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.yes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersnoyes, watching key changesyes infoby defining eventsyesyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesShardinghorizontal partitioning / shardingpartitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hashyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesselectable replication factorUsing Raft consensus algorithm to ensure data replication with strong consistency among multiple replicas.Active Replication Fabric™ for IoT
Multi-source replication infoby means of eXtremeDB Cluster option
Source-replica replication infoby means of eXtremeDB High Availability option
Source-replica replication infoother methods possible by using 3rd party extensionsChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsyes infoquery execution via MapReducenononoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemEventual ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integritynonoyesyesyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of datanonoACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyes infoOptimistic (MVCC) and pessimistic (locking) strategies availableyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.nonoyesnoyes
User concepts infoAccess controlAccess rights for users, groups and roles infobased on Apache Sentry and Kerberosnofine grained access rights according to SQL-standardFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
Apache ImpalaetcdeXtremeDBPostgreSQLVirtuoso
Specific characteristicseXtremeDB is an in-memory and/or persistent database system that offers an ultra-small...
» more
Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantageseXtremeDB databases can be modeled relationally or as objects and can utilize SQL...
» more
Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosIoT application across all markets: Industrial Control, Netcom, Telecom, Defense,...
» more
Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersSchneider Electronics, F5 Networks, TNS, Boeing, Northrop Grumman, GoPro, ViaSat,...
» more
Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsWith hundreds of customers and over 30 million devices/applications using the product...
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Largest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsFor server use cases, there is a simple per-server license irrespective of the number...
» more
Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
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