DBMS > Apache Impala vs. MarkLogic vs. Oracle vs. Stardog vs. Trino

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. MarkLogic vs. Oracle vs. Stardog vs. Trino

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

Operational and transactional Enterprise NoSQL database

Widely used RDBMS

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

Fast distributed SQL query engine for big data analytics. Forked from Presto and originally named PrestoSQL

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Document store
Native XML DBMS
RDF store

as of version 7
Search engine

Relational DBMS

Graph DBMS
RDF store

Relational DBMS

Secondary database models

Document store

Document store
Graph DBMS

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
RDF store

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
Spatial DBMS

with Oracle Spatial and Graph
Vector DBMS

since Oracle 23

Document store
Key-value store
Spatial DBMS
Search engine
Time Series DBMS
Wide column store

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	13.77
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	5.92
Rank	#58	Overall
	#10	Document stores
	#1	Native XML DBMS
	#1	RDF stores
	#6	Search engines

Score	1236.29
Rank	#1	Overall
	#1	Relational DBMS

Score	2.02
Rank	#123	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Score	5.00
Rank	#66	Overall
	#36	Relational DBMS

Website

impala.apache.org

www.marklogic.com

www.oracle.com/database

www.stardog.com

trino.io

Technical documentation

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

docs.marklogic.com

docs.oracle.com/en/database

docs.stardog.com

trino.io/broadcast
trino.io/docs/current

Social network pages

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

MarkLogic Corp.

Oracle

Stardog-Union

Trino Software Foundation

Initial release

2013

2001

1980

2010

2012

2020 rebranded from PrestoSQL

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

11.0, December 2022

23c, September 2023

7.3.0, May 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

restricted free version is available

commercial

restricted free version is available

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

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Implementation language

C++

C and C++

Java

Server operating systems

Linux

Linux
OS X
Windows

AIX
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

Linux
macOS
Windows

Linux
macOS

for devlopment

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

Schema can be enforced

yes

Schemaless in JSON and XML columns

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

depending on connected data-source

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

yes

SQL92

yes

with proprietary extensions

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

yes

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

Java API
Node.js Client API
ODBC
proprietary Optic API

Proprietary Query API, introduced with version 9
RESTful HTTP API
SPARQL
WebDAV
XDBC
XQuery
XSLT

JDBC
ODBC
ODP.NET
Oracle Call Interface (OCI)

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

JDBC
RESTful HTTP API
Trino CLI

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby

C
C#
C++
Clojure
Cobol
Delphi
Eiffel
Erlang
Fortran
Groovy
Haskell
Java
JavaScript
Lisp
Objective C
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scala
Tcl
Visual Basic

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
R
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

yes

via XQuery or JavaScript

PL/SQL

also stored procedures in Java possible

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

yes, depending on connected data-source

Triggers

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Sharding, horizontal partitioning

none

depending on connected data-source

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication factor

yes

Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

depending on connected data-source

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

yes

via Hadoop Connector, HDFS Direct Access and in-database MapReduce jobs

can be realized in PL/SQL

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

depending on connected data-source

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

can act as a resource manager in an XA/JTA transaction

ACID

isolation level can be parameterized

ACID

depending on connected data-source

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

depending on connected data-source

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes, with Range Indexes

yes

Version 12c introduced the new option 'Oracle Database In-Memory'

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

Role-based access control at the document and subdocument levels

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights for users and roles

SQL standard access control

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

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Competitive advantages

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Typical application scenarios

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Key customers

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Market metrics

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Licensing and pricing models

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