DBMS > Apache Impala vs. Google Cloud Datastore vs. Immudb vs. PostgreSQL vs. STSdb

System Properties Comparison Apache Impala vs. Google Cloud Datastore vs. Immudb vs. PostgreSQL vs. STSdb

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

Automatically scaling NoSQL Database as a Service (DBaaS) on the Google Cloud Platform

An open source immutable (append-only) database with cryptographic verification which makes it tamper-resistant and fully auditable.

Widely used open source RDBMS

Developed as objectoriented DBMS (Postgres), gradually enhanced with 'standards' like SQL

Key-Value Store with special method for indexing

optimized for high performance using a special indexing method

Primary database model

with object oriented extensions, e.g.: user defined types/functions and inheritance. Handling of key/value pairs with hstore module.

Key-value store

Secondary database models

Document store

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS

with Apache Age
Spatial DBMS
Vector DBMS

with pgvector extension

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	13.77
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	4.47
Rank	#76	Overall
	#12	Document stores

Score	0.24
Rank	#305	Overall
	#43	Key-value stores

Score	645.54
Rank	#4	Overall
	#4	Relational DBMS

Score	0.04
Rank	#360	Overall
	#52	Key-value stores

Website

impala.apache.org

cloud.google.com/datastore

github.com/codenotary/immudb
immudb.io

www.postgresql.org

github.com/STSSoft/STSdb4

Technical documentation

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

cloud.google.com/datastore/docs

docs.immudb.io

www.postgresql.org/docs

Developer

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Google

Codenotary

PostgreSQL Global Development Group

www.postgresql.org/developer

STS Soft SC

Initial release

2013

2008

2020

1989

1989: Postgres, 1996: PostgreSQL

2011

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

1.2.3, April 2022

16.3, May 2024

4.0.8, September 2015

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

BSD

Open Source

GPLv2, commercial license available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

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Implementation language

C++

Server operating systems

Linux

hosted

BSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows
z/OS

FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
NetBSD
OpenBSD
OS X
Solaris
Unix
Windows

Windows

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

yes, details here

yes

primitive types and user defined types (classes)

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

specific XML-type available, but no XML query functionality.

Secondary indexes

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

SQL-like query language (GQL)

SQL-like syntax

yes

standard with numerous extensions

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API

gRPC protocol
PostgreSQL wire protocol

ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects

.NET Client API

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java

JDBC
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Tcl

C#
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

using Google App Engine

user defined functions

realized in proprietary language PL/pgSQL or with common languages like Perl, Python, Tcl etc.

Triggers

Callbacks using the Google Apps Engine

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

partitioning by range, list and (since PostgreSQL 11) by hash

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

selectable replication factor

Multi-source replication using Paxos

Source-replica replication

other methods possible by using 3rd party extensions

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

yes

using Google Cloud Dataflow

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on type of query and configuration

Strong Consistency is default for entity lookups and queries within an Entity Group (but can instead be made eventually consistent). Other queries are always eventual consistent.

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

via ReferenceProperties or Ancestor paths

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Serializable Isolation within Transactions, Read Committed outside of Transactions

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

More information provided by the system vendor

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