DBMS > Amazon Redshift vs. Apache Impala vs. Google Cloud Datastore vs. Hive vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer

System Properties Comparison Amazon Redshift vs. Apache Impala vs. Google Cloud Datastore vs. Hive vs. Microsoft Azure Data Explorer

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Large scale data warehouse service for use with business intelligence tools

Analytic DBMS for Hadoop

Automatically scaling NoSQL Database as a Service (DBaaS) on the Google Cloud Platform

data warehouse software for querying and managing large distributed datasets, built on Hadoop

Fully managed big data interactive analytics platform

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Document store

Relational DBMS

column oriented

Secondary database models

Document store

If a column is of type dynamic docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types/dynamic then it's possible to add arbitrary JSON documents in this cell
Event Store

this is the general usage pattern at Microsoft. Billing, Logs, Telemetry events are stored in ADX and the state of an individual entity is defined by the arg_max(timestamps)
Spatial DBMS
Search engine

support for complex search expressions docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/parseoperator FTS, Geospatial docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/geo-point-to-geohash-function distributed search -> ADX acts as a distributed search engine
Time Series DBMS

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer/time-series-analysis

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	17.94
Rank	#34	Overall
	#21	Relational DBMS

Score	13.77
Rank	#40	Overall
	#24	Relational DBMS

Score	4.47
Rank	#76	Overall
	#12	Document stores

Score	61.17
Rank	#18	Overall
	#12	Relational DBMS

Score	4.38
Rank	#77	Overall
	#41	Relational DBMS

Website

aws.amazon.com/redshift

impala.apache.org

cloud.google.com/datastore

hive.apache.org

azure.microsoft.com/services/data-explorer

Technical documentation

docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift

impala.apache.org/impala-docs.html

cloud.google.com/datastore/docs

cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/Home

docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/data-explorer

Developer

Amazon (based on PostgreSQL)

Apache Software Foundation

Apache top-level project, originally developed by Cloudera

Google

Apache Software Foundation

initially developed by Facebook

Microsoft

Initial release

2012

2013

2008

2012

2019

Current release

4.1.0, June 2022

3.1.3, April 2022

cloud service with continuous releases

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2

commercial

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Java

Server operating systems

hosted

Linux

hosted

All OS with a Java VM

hosted

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

yes

Fixed schema with schema-less datatypes (dynamic)

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

yes, details here

yes

bool, datetime, dynamic, guid, int, long, real, string, timespan, double: docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/query/scalar-data-types

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

restricted

yes

all fields are automatically indexed

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

does not fully support an SQL-standard

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

SQL-like query language (GQL)

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

Kusto Query Language (KQL), SQL subset

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

gRPC (using protocol buffers) API
RESTful HTTP/JSON API

JDBC
ODBC
Thrift

Microsoft SQL Server communication protocol (MS-TDS)
RESTful HTTP API

Supported programming languages

All languages supporting JDBC/ODBC

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby

C++
Java
PHP
Python

.Net
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PowerShell
Python
R

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

user defined functions

in Python

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

using Google App Engine

yes

user defined functions and integration of map-reduce

Yes, possible languages: KQL, Python, R

Triggers

Callbacks using the Google Apps Engine

yes

see docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/kusto/management/updatepolicy

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

yes

selectable replication factor

Multi-source replication using Paxos

selectable replication factor

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service. Replication either local, cross-facility or geo-redundant.

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

yes

query execution via MapReduce

yes

using Google Cloud Dataflow

yes

query execution via MapReduce

Spark connector (open source): github.com/Azure/azure-kusto-spark

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Eventual Consistency

Immediate Consistency or Eventual Consistency depending on type of query and configuration

Strong Consistency is default for entity lookups and queries within an Entity Group (but can instead be made eventually consistent). Other queries are always eventual consistent.

Eventual Consistency

Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

informational only, not enforced by the system

yes

via ReferenceProperties or Ancestor paths

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Serializable Isolation within Transactions, Read Committed outside of Transactions

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights for users, groups and roles

based on Apache Sentry and Kerberos

Access rights for users, groups and roles based on Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Access rights for users, groups and roles

Azure Active Directory Authentication

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