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DBMS > 4D vs. MarkLogic vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. MarkLogic vs. Microsoft Azure SQL Database vs. Stardog vs. Virtuoso

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
Name4D infoformer name: 4th Dimension  Xexclude from comparisonMarkLogic  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL Azure  Xexclude from comparisonStardog  Xexclude from comparisonVirtuoso  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionApplication development environment with integrated database management systemOperational and transactional Enterprise NoSQL databaseDatabase as a Service offering with high compatibility to Microsoft SQL ServerEnterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualizationVirtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs
Primary database modelRelational DBMSDocument store
Native XML DBMS
RDF store infoas of version 7
Search engine
Relational DBMSGraph DBMS
RDF store
Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine
Secondary database modelsDocument store
Graph DBMS
Spatial DBMS
Spatial DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.47
Rank#110  Overall
#54  Relational DBMS
Score5.18
Rank#63  Overall
#11  Document stores
#1  Native XML DBMS
#1  RDF stores
#7  Search engines
Score76.78
Rank#16  Overall
#11  Relational DBMS
Score2.07
Rank#122  Overall
#11  Graph DBMS
#6  RDF stores
Score4.27
Rank#73  Overall
#13  Document stores
#4  Graph DBMS
#2  Native XML DBMS
#39  Relational DBMS
#2  RDF stores
#9  Search engines
Websitewww.4d.comwww.marklogic.comazure.microsoft.com/­en-us/­products/­azure-sql/­databasewww.stardog.comvirtuoso.openlinksw.com
Technical documentationdeveloper.4d.comdocs.marklogic.comdocs.microsoft.com/­en-us/­azure/­azure-sqldocs.stardog.comdocs.openlinksw.com/­virtuoso
Developer4D, IncMarkLogic Corp.MicrosoftStardog-UnionOpenLink Software
Initial release19842001201020101998
Current releasev20, April 202311.0, December 2022V127.3.0, May 20207.2.11, September 2023
License infoCommercial or Open Sourcecommercialcommercial inforestricted free version is availablecommercialcommercial info60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/studentsOpen Source infoGPLv2, extended commercial license available
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.
Implementation languageC++C++JavaC
Server operating systemsOS X
Windows
Linux
OS X
Windows
hostedLinux
macOS
Windows
AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows
Data schemeyesschema-free infoSchema can be enforcedyesschema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema supportyes infoSQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyesyesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.yesyesyesno infoImport/export of XML data possibleyes
Secondary indexesyesyesyesyes infosupports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatialyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoclose to SQL 92yes infoSQL92yesYes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Serveryes infoSQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX
APIs and other access methodsODBC
RESTful HTTP API infoby using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices
Java API
Node.js Client API
ODBC
proprietary Optic API infoProprietary Query API, introduced with version 9
RESTful HTTP API
SPARQL
WebDAV
XDBC
XQuery
XSLT
ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3
ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT
Supported programming languages4D proprietary IDE
PHP
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
PHP
Python
Ruby
.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby
.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyesyes infovia XQuery or JavaScriptTransact SQLuser defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Javayes infoVirtuoso PL
Triggersyesyesyesyes infovia event handlersyes
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnoneShardingnoneyes
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replicationyesyes, with always 3 replicas availableMulti-source replication in HA-ClusterChain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoyes infovia Hadoop Connector, HDFS Direct Access and in-database MapReduce jobsnonoyes
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate ConsistencyImmediate Consistency in HA-ClusterImmediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesnoyesyes inforelationships in graphsyes
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDACID infocan act as a resource manager in an XA/JTA transactionACIDACIDACID
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyes, with Range Indexesyesyes
User concepts infoAccess controlUsers and groupsRole-based access control at the document and subdocument levelsfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardAccess rights for users and rolesFine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)
More information provided by the system vendor
4D infoformer name: 4th DimensionMarkLogicMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureStardogVirtuoso
Specific characteristicsVirtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more
Competitive advantagesPerformance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
» more
Typical application scenariosUsed for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
» more
Key customersBroad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
» more
Market metricsLargest installed-base ​of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more
Licensing and pricing modelsAvailable in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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More resources
4D infoformer name: 4th DimensionMarkLogicMicrosoft Azure SQL Database infoformerly SQL AzureStardogVirtuoso
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