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DBMS > 4D vs. Apache IoTDB vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. TimescaleDB vs. VoltDB

System Properties Comparison 4D vs. Apache IoTDB vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. TimescaleDB vs. VoltDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines
Name4D infoformer name: 4th Dimension  Xexclude from comparisonApache IoTDB  Xexclude from comparisonMicrosoft Azure Cosmos DB infoformer name was Azure DocumentDB  Xexclude from comparisonTimescaleDB  Xexclude from comparisonVoltDB  Xexclude from comparison
DescriptionApplication development environment with integrated database management systemAn IoT native database with high performance for data management and analysis, deployable on the edge and the cloud and integrated with Hadoop, Spark and FlinkGlobally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database serviceA time series DBMS optimized for fast ingest and complex queries, based on PostgreSQLDistributed In-Memory NewSQL RDBMS infoUsed for OLTP applications with a high frequency of relatively simple transactions, that can hold all their data in memory
Primary database modelRelational DBMSTime Series DBMSDocument store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store
Time Series DBMSRelational DBMS
Secondary database modelsSpatial DBMSRelational DBMS
DB-Engines Ranking infomeasures the popularity of database management systemsranking trend
Trend Chart
Score2.47
Rank#110  Overall
#54  Relational DBMS
Score1.31
Rank#164  Overall
#14  Time Series DBMS
Score27.71
Rank#27  Overall
#4  Document stores
#2  Graph DBMS
#3  Key-value stores
#3  Wide column stores
Score4.46
Rank#71  Overall
#5  Time Series DBMS
Score1.47
Rank#157  Overall
#73  Relational DBMS
Websitewww.4d.comiotdb.apache.orgazure.microsoft.com/­services/­cosmos-dbwww.timescale.comwww.voltdb.com
Technical documentationdeveloper.4d.comiotdb.apache.org/­UserGuide/­Master/­QuickStart/­QuickStart.htmllearn.microsoft.com/­azure/­cosmos-dbdocs.timescale.comdocs.voltdb.com
Developer4D, IncApache Software FoundationMicrosoftTimescaleVoltDB Inc.
Initial release19842018201420172010
Current releasev20, April 20231.1.0, April 20232.15.0, May 202411.3, April 2022
License infoCommercial or Open SourcecommercialOpen Source infoApache Version 2.0commercialOpen Source infoApache 2.0Open Source infoAGPL for Community Edition, commercial license for Enterprise, AWS, and Pro Editions
Cloud-based only infoOnly available as a cloud servicenonoyesnono
DBaaS offerings (sponsored links) infoDatabase as a Service

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Implementation languageJavaCJava, C++
Server operating systemsOS X
Windows
All OS with a Java VM (>= 1.8)hostedLinux
OS X
Windows
Linux
OS X infofor development
Data schemeyesyesschema-freeyesyes
Typing infopredefined data types such as float or dateyesyesyes infoJSON typesnumerics, strings, booleans, arrays, JSON blobs, geospatial dimensions, currencies, binary data, other complex data typesyes
XML support infoSome form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.yesnoyes
Secondary indexesyesyesyes infoAll properties auto-indexed by defaultyesyes
SQL infoSupport of SQLyes infoclose to SQL 92SQL-like query languageSQL-like query languageyes infofull PostgreSQL SQL syntaxyes infoonly a subset of SQL 99
APIs and other access methodsODBC
RESTful HTTP API infoby using 4D Mobile
SOAP webservices
JDBC
Native API
DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API
ADO.NET
JDBC
native C library
ODBC
streaming API for large objects
Java API
JDBC
RESTful HTTP/JSON API
Supported programming languages4D proprietary IDE
PHP
C
C#
C++
Go
Java
Python
Scala
.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python
.Net
C
C++
Delphi
Java infoJDBC
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Scheme
Tcl
C#
C++
Erlang infonot officially supported
Go
Java
JavaScript infoNode.js
PHP
Python
Server-side scripts infoStored proceduresyesyesJavaScriptuser defined functions, PL/pgSQL, PL/Tcl, PL/Perl, PL/Python, PL/Java, PL/PHP, PL/R, PL/Ruby, PL/Scheme, PL/Unix shellJava
TriggersyesyesJavaScriptyesno
Partitioning methods infoMethods for storing different data on different nodesnonehorizontal partitioning (by time range) + vertical partitioning (by deviceId)Sharding infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceyes, across time and space (hash partitioning) attributesSharding
Replication methods infoMethods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodesMulti-source replicationselectable replication methods; using Raft/IoTConsensus algorithm to ensure strong/eventual data consistency among multiple replicasyes infoImplicit feature of the cloud serviceSource-replica replication with hot standby and reads on replicas infoMulti-source replication
Source-replica replication
MapReduce infoOffers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methodsnoIntegration with Hadoop and Sparkwith Hadoop integration infoIntegration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*nono
Consistency concepts infoMethods to ensure consistency in a distributed systemImmediate ConsistencyEventual Consistency
Strong Consistency with Raft
Bounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency infoConsistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Foreign keys infoReferential integrityyesnonoyesno infoFOREIGN KEY constraints are not supported
Transaction concepts infoSupport to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of dataACIDnoMulti-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partitionACIDACID infoTransactions are executed single-threaded within stored procedures
Concurrency infoSupport for concurrent manipulation of datayesyesyesyesyes infoData access is serialized by the server
Durability infoSupport for making data persistentyesyesyesyesyes infoSnapshots and command logging
In-memory capabilities infoIs there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.noyesno
User concepts infoAccess controlUsers and groupsyesAccess rights can be defined down to the item levelfine grained access rights according to SQL-standardUsers and roles with access to stored procedures

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More resources
4D infoformer name: 4th DimensionApache IoTDBMicrosoft Azure Cosmos DB infoformer name was Azure DocumentDBTimescaleDBVoltDB
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