DBMS > Milvus vs. NebulaGraph vs. OpenQM vs. RDF4J vs. TerarkDB

System Properties Comparison Milvus vs. NebulaGraph vs. OpenQM vs. RDF4J vs. TerarkDB

Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

A DBMS designed for efficient storage of vector data and vector similarity searches

A distributed, linear scalable, high perfomant Graph DBMS

QpenQM is a high-performance, self-tuning, multi-value DBMS

RDF4J is a Java framework for processing RDF data, supporting both memory-based and a disk-based storage.

A key-value store forked from RocksDB with advanced compression algorithms. It can be used standalone or as a storage engine for MySQL and MongoDB

Primary database model

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	3.01
Rank	#89	Overall
	#4	Vector DBMS

Score	1.92
Rank	#122	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS

Score	0.28
Rank	#291	Overall
	#10	Multivalue DBMS

Score	0.72
Rank	#222	Overall
	#9	RDF stores

Score	0.00
Rank	#385	Overall
	#61	Key-value stores

Website

milvus.io

github.com/vesoft-inc/nebula
www.nebula-graph.io

www.rocketsoftware.com/products/rocket-multivalue-application-development-platform/rocket-open-qm

rdf4j.org

github.com/bytedance/terarkdb

Technical documentation

milvus.io/docs/overview.md

docs.nebula-graph.io

rdf4j.org/documentation

bytedance.larkoffice.com/docs/doccnZmYFqHBm06BbvYgjsHHcKc

Developer

Vesoft Inc.

Rocket Software, originally Martin Phillips

Since 2016 officially forked into an Eclipse project, former developer was Aduna Software.

ByteDance, originally Terark

Initial release

2019

1993

2004

2016

Current release

2.4.4, May 2024

3.4-12

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0 + Common Clause 1.0

Open Source

GPLv2, extended commercial license available

Open Source

Eclipse Distribution License (EDL), v1.0.

commercial

restricted open source version available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Zilliz Cloud – Cloud-native service for Milvus

Implementation language

C++, Go

C++

Java

C++

Server operating systems

Linux
macOS

10.14 or later
Windows

with WSL 2 enabled

Linux

AIX
FreeBSD
Linux
macOS
Raspberry Pi
Solaris
Windows

Linux
OS X
Unix
Windows

Data scheme

Strong typed schema

yes

with some exceptions

yes

RDF Schemas

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

Vector, Numeric and String

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

Nebula Graph internally uses the Key-Value store RocksDB for persistency. The vertices, edges, and their properties are stored as Key while their values are stored as Value. The primary indexes are per Key and secondary indexes are per Value.

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language

APIs and other access methods

RESTful HTTP API

Browser interface
console (shell)
Cypher Query Language
GO Object Graph Mapper
Java Object Graph Mapper
NGBatis

ORM framework for NebulaGraph and Spring-Boot
Proprietary native API
Python Object Graph Mapper
Query language nGQL

Java API
RIO

RDF Input/Output
Sail API
SeRQL

Sesame RDF Query Language
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SPARQL

C++ API
Java API

Supported programming languages

C++
Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python

.Net
C++
Go
Java
PHP
Python

.Net
Basic
C
Java
Objective C
PHP
Python

Java
PHP
Python

C++
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

user defined functions

yes

Triggers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

yes

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Causal Clustering using Raft protocol

yes

none

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Bounded Staleness
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency
Session Consistency
Tunable Consistency

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Isolation support depends on the API used

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

using RocksDB

yes

in-memory storage is supported as well

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Role based access control and fine grained access rights

Role-based access control

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Milvus is an open-source and cloud-native vector database built for production-ready...
» more

NebulaGraph is a truly distributed, linearly scalable, lightning-fast graph database,...
» more

Competitive advantages

Highly available, versatile, and robust with millisecond latency. Supports batch...
» more

NebulaGraph boasts the world's only graph database solution that is able to host...
» more

Typical application scenarios

RAG: retrieval augmented generation Video media : video understanding, video deduplication....
» more

Social networking Fraud detection Knowledge graph Data warehouse management Anti...
» more

Key customers

Milvus is trusted by thousands of enterprises, including PayPal, eBay, IKEA, LINE,...
» more

Companies from a variety of industries have implemented NebulaGraph Database in production,...
» more

Market metrics

As of January 2024, 25k+ GitHub stars 10M+ downloads and installations 3k+ enterprise...
» more

At our very early stage, NebulaGraph has already received over 10,000 stars on GitHub...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

Milvus was released under the open-source Apache License 2.0 in October 2019. Fully-managed...
» more

NebulaGraph is open source and free to use under Apache 2.0 license.
» more

We invite representatives of system vendors to contact us for updating and extending the system information,
and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.

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More resources

DB-Engines blog posts

Vector databases
2 June 2023, Matthias Gelbmann

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