DBMS > etcd vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Trino vs. Virtuoso

System Properties Comparison etcd vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. Trino vs. Virtuoso

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database service

Fast distributed SQL query engine for big data analytics. Forked from Presto and originally named PrestoSQL

Virtuoso is a multi-model hybrid-RDBMS that supports management of data represented as relational tables and/or property graphs

Primary database model

Key-value store

Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store

Relational DBMS

Document store
Graph DBMS
Native XML DBMS
Relational DBMS
RDF store
Search engine

Secondary database models

Spatial DBMS

Document store
Key-value store
Spatial DBMS
Search engine
Time Series DBMS
Wide column store

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	7.03
Rank	#54	Overall
	#5	Key-value stores

Score	27.71
Rank	#27	Overall
	#4	Document stores
	#2	Graph DBMS
	#3	Key-value stores
	#3	Wide column stores

Score	4.99
Rank	#65	Overall
	#36	Relational DBMS

Score	4.27
Rank	#73	Overall
	#13	Document stores
	#4	Graph DBMS
	#2	Native XML DBMS
	#39	Relational DBMS
	#2	RDF stores
	#9	Search engines

Website

etcd.io
github.com/etcd-io/etcd

azure.microsoft.com/services/cosmos-db

trino.io

virtuoso.openlinksw.com

Technical documentation

etcd.io/docs
github.com/etcd-io/etcd/tree/master/Documentation

learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db

trino.io/broadcast
trino.io/docs/current

docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso

Social network pages

Developer

Microsoft

Trino Software Foundation

OpenLink Software

Initial release

2014

2012

2020 rebranded from PrestoSQL

1998

Current release

3.4, August 2019

7.2.11, September 2023

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

commercial

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

GPLv2, extended commercial license available

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Starburst Galaxy offers a feature-rich user interface to connect all your data sources, manage your Trino clusters, and query your data.

Implementation language

Java

Server operating systems

FreeBSD
Linux
Windows

experimental

hosted

Linux
macOS

for devlopment

AIX
FreeBSD
HP-UX
Linux
OS X
Solaris
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

SQL - Standard relational schema
RDF - Quad (S, P, O, G) or Triple (S, P, O)
XML - DTD, XML Schema
DAV - freeform filesystem objects, plus User Defined Types a/k/a Dynamic Extension Type

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

JSON types

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

yes

Secondary indexes

yes

All properties auto-indexed by default

depending on connected data-source

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like query language

yes

SQL-92, SQL-200x, SQL-3, SQLX

APIs and other access methods

gRPC
JSON over HTTP

DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API

JDBC
RESTful HTTP API
Trino CLI

ADO.NET
GeoSPARQL
HTTP API
JDBC
Jena RDF API
ODBC
OLE DB
RDF4J API
RESTful HTTP API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SOAP webservices
SPARQL 1.1
WebDAV
XPath
XQuery
XSLT

Supported programming languages

.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Scala
Tcl

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python

Go
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Python
R
Ruby

.Net
C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Visual Basic

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

JavaScript

yes, depending on connected data-source

yes

Virtuoso PL

Triggers

yes, watching key changes

JavaScript

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

depending on connected data-source

yes

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Using Raft consensus algorithm to ensure data replication with strong consistency among multiple replicas.

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service

depending on connected data-source

Chain, star, and bi-directional replication
Multi-source replication
Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

with Hadoop integration

Integration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*

yes

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Bounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Consistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency

depending on connected data-source

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

Multi-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partition

depending on connected data-source

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

depending on connected data-source

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

SQL standard access control

Fine-grained Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in addition to typical coarse-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) according to SQL-standard. Pluggable authentication with supported standards (LDAP, Active Directory, Kerberos)

More information provided by the system vendor

Specific characteristics

Trino is the fastest open source, massively parallel processing SQL query engine...
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Virtuoso is a modern multi-model RDBMS for managing data represented as tabular relations...
» more

Competitive advantages

High performance analtyics and data processing of very large data sets Powerful ANSI...
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Performance & Scale — as exemplified by DBpedia and the LOD Cloud it spawned, i.e.,...
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Typical application scenarios

Performant analytics query engine for data warehouses, data lakes, and data lakehouses...
» more

Used for — Analytics/BI Conceptual Data Virtualization Enterprise Knowledge Graphs...
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Key customers

Trino is widely adopted across the globe as freely-available open source software....
» more

Broad use across enterprises and governments including — European Union (EU) US Government...
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Market metrics

33000+ commits in GitHub 8200+ stargazers in GitHub 1200+ pull requests merged in...
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Largest installed-base of Multi-Model RDBMS for AI-friendly Knowledge Graphs Platform...
» more

Licensing and pricing models

Trino is an open source project and usage is therefore free. Commercial offerings...
» more

Available in both Commercial Enterprise and Open Source (GPL v2) Editions Feature...
» more

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and for displaying vendor-provided information such as key customers, competitive advantages and market metrics.