DBMS > LevelDB vs. Spark SQL vs. Stardog vs. Transbase

System Properties Comparison LevelDB vs. Spark SQL vs. Stardog vs. Transbase

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Spark SQL is a component on top of 'Spark Core' for structured data processing

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

A resource-optimized, high-performance, universally applicable RDBMS

Primary database model

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	2.35
Rank	#111	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Score	18.96
Rank	#33	Overall
	#20	Relational DBMS

Score	2.02
Rank	#123	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Score	0.11
Rank	#341	Overall
	#150	Relational DBMS

Website

github.com/google/leveldb

spark.apache.org/sql

www.stardog.com

www.transaction.de/en/products/transbase.html

Technical documentation

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html

docs.stardog.com

www.transaction.de/en/products/transbase/features.html

Developer

Google

Apache Software Foundation

Stardog-Union

Transaction Software GmbH

Initial release

2011

2014

2010

1987

Current release

1.23, February 2021

3.5.0 ( 2.13), September 2023

7.3.0, May 2020

Transbase 8.3, 2022

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

BSD

Open Source

Apache 2.0

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

commercial

free development license

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Scala

Java

C and C++

Server operating systems

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux
macOS
Windows

FreeBSD
Linux
macOS
Solaris
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

yes

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

SQL-like DML and DDL statements

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

yes

APIs and other access methods

JDBC
ODBC

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

ADO.NET
JDBC
ODBC
Proprietary native API

Supported programming languages

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

Java
Python
R
Scala

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

C
C#
C++
Java
JavaScript
Kotlin
Objective-C
PHP
Python

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

yes

Triggers

yes

via event handlers

yes

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

yes, utilizing Spark Core

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

none

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

Source-replica replication

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

Immediate Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

yes

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

Access rights for users and roles

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

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