DBMS > Ingres vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. XTDB

System Properties Comparison Ingres vs. LevelDB vs. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB vs. XTDB

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Well established RDBMS

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Globally distributed, horizontally scalable, multi-model database service

A general purpose database with bitemporal SQL and Datalog and graph queries

Primary database model

Relational DBMS

Key-value store

Document store
Graph DBMS
Key-value store
Wide column store

Document store

Secondary database models

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	3.80
Rank	#82	Overall
	#44	Relational DBMS

Score	2.25
Rank	#115	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Score	27.71
Rank	#27	Overall
	#4	Document stores
	#2	Graph DBMS
	#3	Key-value stores
	#3	Wide column stores

Score	0.18
Rank	#332	Overall
	#46	Document stores

Website

www.actian.com/databases/ingres

github.com/google/leveldb

azure.microsoft.com/services/cosmos-db

github.com/xtdb/xtdb
www.xtdb.com

Technical documentation

docs.actian.com/ingres

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

learn.microsoft.com/azure/cosmos-db

www.xtdb.com/docs

Developer

Actian Corporation

Google

Microsoft

Juxt Ltd.

Initial release

1974

originally developed at University Berkely in early 1970s

2011

2014

2019

Current release

11.2, May 2022

1.23, February 2021

1.19, September 2021

License

Commercial or Open Source

commercial

Open Source

BSD

commercial

Open Source

MIT License

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

yes

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

C++

Clojure

Server operating systems

AIX
HP Open VMS
HP-UX
Linux
Solaris
Windows

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

hosted

All OS with a Java 8 (and higher) VM
Linux

Data scheme

yes

schema-free

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

JSON types

yes, extensible-data-notation format

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

but tools for importing/exporting data from/to XML-files available

Secondary indexes

yes

All properties auto-indexed by default

yes

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

SQL-like query language

limited SQL, making use of Apache Calcite

APIs and other access methods

.NET Client API
JDBC
ODBC
proprietary protocol (OpenAPI)

DocumentDB API
Graph API (Gremlin)
MongoDB API
RESTful HTTP API
Table API

HTTP REST
JDBC

Supported programming languages

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

.Net
C#
Java
JavaScript
JavaScript (Node.js)
MongoDB client drivers written for various programming languages
Python

Clojure
Java

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

yes

JavaScript

Triggers

yes

JavaScript

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

horizontal partitioning

Ingres Star to access multiple databases simultaneously

none

Sharding

Implicit feature of the cloud service

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Ingres Replicator

none

yes

Implicit feature of the cloud service

yes, each node contains all data

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

with Hadoop integration

Integration with Hadoop/HDInsight on Azure*

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Bounded Staleness
Consistent Prefix
Eventual Consistency
Immediate Consistency

Consistency level configurable on request level
Session Consistency

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Multi-item ACID transactions with snapshot isolation within a partition

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

MVCC

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

yes

yes, flexibel persistency by using storage technologies like Apache Kafka, RocksDB or LMDB

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights can be defined down to the item level

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