DBMS > etcd vs. H2 vs. LevelDB vs. Stardog

System Properties Comparison etcd vs. H2 vs. LevelDB vs. Stardog

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Editorial information provided by DB-Engines

Name

Description

Full-featured RDBMS with a small footprint, either embedded into a Java application or used as a database server.

Embeddable fast key-value storage library that provides an ordered mapping from string keys to string values

Enterprise Knowledge Graph platform and graph DBMS with high availability, high performance reasoning, and virtualization

Primary database model

Secondary database models

Spatial DBMS

DB-Engines Ranking measures the popularity of database management systems
Trend Chart

Score	7.03
Rank	#54	Overall
	#5	Key-value stores

Score	8.33
Rank	#46	Overall
	#30	Relational DBMS

Score	2.25
Rank	#115	Overall
	#19	Key-value stores

Score	2.07
Rank	#122	Overall
	#11	Graph DBMS
	#6	RDF stores

Website

etcd.io
github.com/etcd-io/etcd

www.h2database.com

github.com/google/leveldb

www.stardog.com

Technical documentation

etcd.io/docs
github.com/etcd-io/etcd/tree/master/Documentation

www.h2database.com/html/main.html

github.com/google/leveldb/blob/main/doc/index.md

docs.stardog.com

Developer

Thomas Mueller

Google

Stardog-Union

Initial release

2005

2011

2010

Current release

3.4, August 2019

2.2.220, July 2023

1.23, February 2021

7.3.0, May 2020

License

Commercial or Open Source

Open Source

Apache Version 2.0

Open Source

dual-licence (Mozilla public license, Eclipse public license)

Open Source

BSD

commercial

60-day fully-featured trial license; 1-year fully-featured non-commercial use license for academics/students

Cloud-based only

Only available as a cloud service

DBaaS offerings (sponsored links)

Database as a Service

Providers of DBaaS offerings, please contact us to be listed.

Implementation language

Java

C++

Java

Server operating systems

FreeBSD
Linux
Windows

experimental

All OS with a Java VM

Illumos
Linux
OS X
Windows

Linux
macOS
Windows

Data scheme

schema-free

yes

schema-free

schema-free and OWL/RDFS-schema support

Typing

predefined data types such as float or date

yes

XML support

Some form of processing data in XML format, e.g. support for XML data structures, and/or support for XPath, XQuery or XSLT.

Import/export of XML data possible

Secondary indexes

yes

supports real-time indexing in full-text and geospatial

SQL

Support of SQL

yes

Yes, compatible with all major SQL variants through dedicated BI/SQL Server

APIs and other access methods

gRPC
JSON over HTTP

JDBC
ODBC

GraphQL query language
HTTP API
Jena RDF API
OWL
RDF4J API
Sesame REST HTTP Protocol
SNARL
SPARQL
Spring Data
Stardog Studio
TinkerPop 3

Supported programming languages

.Net
C
C++
Clojure
Erlang
Go
Haskell
Java
JavaScript (Node.js)
Perl
PHP
Python
R
Ruby
Rust
Scala
Tcl

Java

C++
Go
Java

3rd party binding
JavaScript (Node.js)

3rd party binding
Python

3rd party binding

.Net
Clojure
Groovy
Java
JavaScript
Python
Ruby

Server-side scripts

Stored procedures

Java Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functions

user defined functions and aggregates, HTTP Server extensions in Java

Triggers

yes, watching key changes

yes

via event handlers

Partitioning methods

Methods for storing different data on different nodes

none

Replication methods

Methods for redundantly storing data on multiple nodes

Using Raft consensus algorithm to ensure data replication with strong consistency among multiple replicas.

With clustering: 2 database servers on different computers operate on identical copies of a database

none

Multi-source replication in HA-Cluster

MapReduce

Offers an API for user-defined Map/Reduce methods

Consistency concepts

Methods to ensure consistency in a distributed system

Immediate Consistency

Immediate Consistency in HA-Cluster

Foreign keys

Referential integrity

yes

relationships in graphs

Transaction concepts

Support to ensure data integrity after non-atomic manipulations of data

ACID

Concurrency

Support for concurrent manipulation of data

yes

yes, multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)

yes

Durability

Support for making data persistent

yes

with automatic compression on writes

yes

In-memory capabilities

Is there an option to define some or all structures to be held in-memory only.

yes

User concepts

Access control

fine grained access rights according to SQL-standard

Access rights for users and roles

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